BioMol- Prokaryotes

BioMol- Prokaryotes

1. Bacteria and Archaea are botj Prokaryotes, which are also MicroOrg

   • Eukarya Are Eukaryotes (MicroOrg+MacroOrg)
   • MicroOrg's are self generated

2. Anthony Van Leeuwenhoek Credited with discovering bacteria around 1673

   • 1860-64 Louis Pasteur: Discovered role of lactic acid and alcoholic fermentation, creating spontaneous generation contraversey
   • 1881-84 Robert Koch creates method of gathering pure culture, KOCH'S POSTULATES
   • 1889-90 Sergei Winogradsky concept of chemolitotrophy
   • 1929 Fleming discovers antibiotic

3. Bacteria are unicellular, prokaryotic MicroOrg's

   • Despite being simple species, that have most functions characteristic of any living org
     • E.g. Independant Metab, growth+repro, communication, differentiation, movement, evolution
     • Most functions are carried out on a cellular level, every Prokarotic cell is self-sufficient
   • Are small, therefore have greater surface to area ratio, allowing quicker diffusion

4. Actions Of Cells

   • 1) METABOLISM: Uptake of nutrients and transformation in cell, making cell an open system
   • 2) REPRODUCTION: Chems in cell turned into new cells following direction of original cell. Based repl of DNA and equal dist of repl DNA
   • 3) DIFFERENTIATION: Formation of new cell structure (e.g. spore), not needed but species that do tend to love more comfortably
   • 4) COMMUNICATION: Release of chem that allows com between cells, part of theory that says this step allows pop limiting
   • 5) MOVEMENT: Most Orgs capable of self-propulsion
   • 6) EVOLUTION: Cells contain genes and evolve to adapt

5. The Machine and Coding Functions Of the Cell

   • CODING: Genetic process based on info encoded by DNA, DNA Replication and Transcription into RNA and then protein
   • MACHINE: Biochemical and physiological, based on Metabolism, involving energy ATP and enzymes
   • Both contribute to replication and growth

6. Diff between Bacteria and Archeae

   • Comp of Membrane, Bacteria have Ester as membrane lipid, Archeae have Ether. Also Bacteria lipids are bound to fatty acid side chain, while Archeae are bound to glycerol
   • RNA Polymerase, In Bacteria they have one type of mol with 4 subunits. Archeae have 8 with more polypeptides similar to Eukarya
   • Apparatus of Protein Synthesis, Both have 70s ribosome size, but most antibiotics that affect protein synth in bacteria do not affect archeae
   • Comp Of Cell Wall,
     • BACTERIA- More comp of peptidoglycen, penicillin binds trans-pep-tidases and prevents formation of bonds, meaning inhibitation of Bacterial cell wall synth
       • Bacteria without cell walls are Spheroplasts and can form in low conc of penicillin
     • ARCHEAE- Peptidoglycan is absent in cell wall, Pseudopeptidoglycan present, pseu made of N-acids, Predomiant cell wall type in Archeae is paracrystalline surface layer (S-layer), normally made up of pro/glycoprotein and has hexagonal symmetry
   • Gram Stain