Flashcards
The Hormonal System and Glands
Cards in this deck (42)
- 1What is the hormonal system made up of?Glands
Hormones - 2What is the difference between an endocrine gland an an exocrine gland?ENDOCRINE
Secretes its products directly into the blood
EXOCRINE
Secretes its products into ducts that lead to the target tissue - 3Complete the sentence: Hormones are '___________ __________' - many are proteins or _____________, some are steroids.Hormones are 'CHEMICAL MESSENGERS' - many are proteins or PEPTIDES, some are steroids.
- 4How can glands be stimulated?Glands can be stimulated by a change in concentration of a specific substance (sometimes another hormone)
They can also be stimulated by electrical impulses - 5Complete the sentences: Each hormone will only bind to specific ________ for that hormone, found on the membranes of _________ cells. Tissue that contains target cells are called _______ tissue. The hormones trigger a response in the target cells (the __________).Each hormone will only bind to specific RECEPTORS for that hormone, found on the membranes of TARGET cells. Tissue that contains target cells are called TARGET tissue. The hormones trigger a response in the target cells (the EFFECTOR).
- 6What are the 4 types of hormones?Protein
Steroid
Trophic
Releasing - 7What do protein hormones do?Do not enter the cell
Must bind to a receptor on membrane, causing the release of a second messenger - 8What do steroid hormones do?Directly enters the cell to affect DNA
- 9What do trophic hormones do?Stimulate endocrine glands to release a hormone
- 10What do releasing hormones do?Made in hypothalamus
Stimulates release of another hormone from pituitary gland - 11Complete the sentences: A ___________ is a first messenger as it carries the chemical message the first part of the way (__________ gland --> receptor on __________ cells). When a hormone binds to its receptor, it ___________ an enzyme in the cell membrane. The enzyme catalyses the production of a ____________ molecule inside the cell (this molecule signals to other parts of the _____ to change how the cell works).A HORMONE is a first messenger as it carries the chemical message the first part of the way (ENDOCRINE gland --> receptor on TARGET cells). When a hormone binds to its receptor, it ACTIVATES an enzyme in the cell membrane. The enzyme catalyses the production of a SIGNALLING molecule inside the cell (this molecule signals to other parts of the CELL to change how the cell works).
- 12Complete the sentences: The ____________ molecule is a second messenger as it carries the chemical messenger the second part of the way (receptor --> other parts of ______). Second messengers activate a __________.The SIGNALLING molecule is a second messenger as it carries the chemical messenger the second part of the way (receptor --> other parts of CELL). Second messengers activate a CASCADE.
- 13What is a cascade?A chain of reactions inside the cell
- 14TRUE OR FALSE Adrenaline is a second messengerFALSE
Adrenaline is a first messenger that binds to specific receptors on the cell surface membrane - 15Describe how adrenaline works as a first messenger1. When adrenaline binds to the receptor protein, it activates a G protein on the inside of the cell
2. The G protein activates an enzyme in the membrane called adenylyl cyclase
3. Adenylyl cyclase catalyses the production of a second messenger called cyclic AMP (cAMP) from ATP
4. cAMP activates a cascade of enzyme activity (reactions), making more glucose available to the cell by catalysing the breakdown of glycogen into glucose - 16TRUE OR FALSE: The adrenal glands are endocrine glandsTRUE
- 17Describe the structure of the adrenal gland, including its location in the human bodySTRUCTURE
Each adrenal gland has an outer part called the cortex and an inner part called the medulla
LOCATION
Found just above the kidneys - 18What does the cortex do?Secretes steroid hormones (e.g. cortisol and aldosterone) when stressed
- 19What are the roles of steroid hormones released by the cortex of the adrenal glands (e.g. cortisol and aldosterone)?Stimulating the breakdown of proteins and fats into glucose (this increases the amount of energy available so the brain and muscles can respond to the situation)
Increasing blood volume and pressure by increasing the uptake of Na⁺ and water by the kidneys
Suppressing the immune system - 20What does the medulla do?Secretes catecholamine hormones (modified amino acids), e.g. adrenaline and noradrenaline, when stressed
- 21What are the roles of catecholamine hormones secreted by the medulla of the adrenal glands (e.g. adrenaline and noradrenaline)?Act to make more energy available in the short-term by increasing heart and breathing rates, causing cells to break down glycogen into glucose
Constricting some blood vessels so that blood is diverted to the brain and muscles - 22Describe the location of the pineal gland, including the hormone it secretesLOCATION
In the brain
HORMONE
Melatonin - 23What is the target tissue and role of melatonin?TARGET TISSUE
Multiple
ROLE
Regulates sleep patterns - 24Describe the location of the pituitary gland, including the hormone it secretesLOCATION
In the brain
HORMONE
LH and FSH
ADH
Human growth - 25What is the target tissue and role of LH and FSH?TARGET TISSUE
Ovary
ROLE
Regulates menstrual cycle - 26What is the target tissue and role of ADP?TARGET TISSUE
Kidneys
ROLE
Regulates water content in blood - 27What is the target tissue and role of the human growth hormone?TARGET TISSUE
Multiple
ROLE
Regulates growth (decrease after puberty) - 28Describe the location of the thyroid, including the hormone it secretesLOCATION
Base of neck (throat)
HORMONE
Thyroxin - 29What is the target tissue and role of thyroxin?TARGET TISSUE
Multiple
ROLE
Regulates metabolism - 30Describe the location of the thymus, including the hormone it secretesLOCATION
Chest
HORMONE
Thymosins - 31What is the target tissue and role of thymosins?TARGET TISSUE
Cells of immune system
ROLE
T-cells made in thymus
Regulates immune system - 32Describe the location of the pancreas, including the hormone it secretesLOCATION
Between kidneys
HORMONE
Insulin
Glucagon - 33What is the target tissue and role of insulin?TARGET TISSUE
Muscle (skeletal) and liver
ROLE
Lowers blood sugar (glucose) level - 34What is the target tissue and role of glucagon?TARGET TISSUE
Muscle (skeletal) and liver
ROLE
Increases blood sugar (glucose) level - 35Describe the location of the adrenal gland, including the hormone it secretesLOCATION
Above kidneys
HORMONE
Adrenaline
Noradrenaline
Cortisol
Aldosterone - 36What is the target tissue and roles of adrenaline, noradrenaline, cortisol and aldosterone?TARGET TISSUE
Multiple
ROLE
Fight or flight response (e.g. increased heart rate, blood pressure etc.)
Glycogen --> glucose - 37Describe the location of the ovary, including the hormone it secretesLOCATION
Lower abdomen
HORMONE
Oestrogen
Progesterone - 38What is the target tissue and role of oestrogen?TARGET TISSUE
Multiple
ROLE
Release of egg - 39What is the target tissue and role of progesterone?TARGET TISSUE
Multiple
ROLE
Maintains the lining of the uterus - 40Describe the location of the testis, including the hormone it secretesLOCATION
Scrotum
HORMONE
Testosterone - 41What is the target tissue and role of testosterone?TARGET TISSUE
Multiple
ROLE
Muscle building - 42Name 3 steroid hormonesOestrogen
Progesterone
Testosterone
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- User has deleted their subject information Flashcards on The Hormonal System and Glands, created by Deleted user on 05/03/2018.
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- Deleted user · Mar 2018
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- Mar 5, 2018
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- Created by Yinka F · Feb 16, 2018
- Copied by Yinka F · Mar 5, 2018
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