Flashcards
Week 1 A - changes in the female body due to pregnancy
Cards in this deck (44)
- 1Oogenesis and spermatogenesisOogenesis - sequence of events by which the oogonia are transforms into mature oocytes
oocytes - are the female sex cell produced in the ovaries
spermatogenesis - sequence of events by which spermocytes are transformed into sprematozoa which are capable of fertilising a mature ooctye - 2Uterine and ovarian fimbriae- small fingerlike projections at end of fallopin tube through which oocytes move from ovarie to fallopian tube
produce peritoneal fluid
During ovulation - the sex hormones activate the fimbriae to swell with blood
ooctye moves into peritoneal fluid
fertilisation can occur with male spermatozoa - 3What happens at conception?Begins at fertilisation when male sperm (spermatozoon) unites with a female oocyte (ovum) to form a single cell - a zygote
usually occurs in the ampulla of the fallopian tube
DNA of the offspring now determined through union - 4Fertilisationoccurs within fallopian tube
- 5Germinal periodfirst two weeks after fertilisation
zygote - fertilised ovum
morula - call divides to form a solid mass (3 days)
moves along fallopian tube towards the uterus (4-5 days)
blastocyst - cavity forms within the mass of cells and attaches to the lining of the uterus -implantation (10-14 days) - 6embryonic periodfrom implantation until 8 weeks
- 7Foetal stagefrom 8 weeks until the birth of the baby - usually 40 weeks
- 8Foetal developmentfoetal grwoth - from 8 - 40 weeks
- 9Amniotic sacamnion (inner layer) and chorion (outer layer) together form the amniotic sac
the fetus grow within this sac surrounded by amniotic fluid
amniotic fluid is generated to cushion the foetus
villi project from the chorion to embed into the uterine wall and form the placenta - 10placenta and membraneschorionic villi invade the endometrium and allow transfer of nutrients and other products from mother to foetus
fetus is attached to placenta by umbilical cord - 11The placentaprovides: nutrition, blood supply, respiration, protection, produces hormones that maintain pregnancy
- 12Trimesters of pregnancypregnancy is divided into 3 equal trimesters:
1st - profound growth in first 8 weeks rudimentary organs and tissues form
2nd - growth, maturation, functioning of organ systems
3rd - final maturation and growth - weight gain - 13Pregnancy changes arephysiological, psychological, social
- 14Reproductiveuterus 20 x larger
uterine lining and muscle growth
increased blood supply to uterus
anovulation of the ovaries and tubes
vagina and vulva increased blood supply and bluish colour
breasts - increase in size and cells/milk
cervix - mucous plug (barrier) - 15Respiratorybreathing rate unchanged
increased lung capacity and blood supply to lungs
increased base and metabolic rate - 16CardiovascularRBC volume increases by 30%
blood volume expands 40-50%
increased CO by 30%
WBC increases
Clotting factors increase
heart enlarges
blood vessels dilate (progesterone)
increased heart rate (10-15bpm)
increased venous pressure - 17UrinaryIncreased blood volume
increased filtration rate
uteters dilate
urinary stasis in bladder
urinary frequency
sugar and protein may spill over in urine - 18Gastro intestinalsmooth muscle relaxation
constipation
haemorrhoids
heartburn
gall bladder
slowet emptying time
gallstones - 19Musculoskeletalposture changes - lordosis
increased mobility of joints - relaxin
rectus muscle separation - 20Integumentaryhyperpigmentation - lineanigra, melasma, areola
oedema - retained fluid
striae - stretch marks
acne
pruritis - itchiness - 21endocrineovarian hormone production ceases
prolactin increases (breast growth)
insulin production increases
thyroid-reduced iodine level
oestrogen levels increase growth breasts, uterus, etc
sodium and water retention
progesterone levels increase
-facilitate implantation
-decreases uterine contractility
-reduces smooth muscle tone
relaxin increases allow muscles for labour to relax - 22Immunologicialresistance to infection is decreased
wcc increased
cellular immune response is decreased
maternal antibodies decreased due to cross placental transfer near term
other immunoglobulins unchanged - 23psychological changesdevelopmental tasks
tasks relate to pregnancy timetable of trimesters
more clearly identified in some women compared to other - 24First trimesterpregnancy validation accepting the pregnancy
behaviour sometimes become introverted as women questions her identity
partner may also be concerned about responsibility of being father - 25Second trimesterFoetal embodiment
accepting the baby
woman attempts to incorporate the foetus into her body image
re-adjusts roles, gains, inner strength
foetal movements, helps woman to the foetus is distinct from herself
father may feel left out - 26Third trimesterrole transition
preparing the parenthood
woman psychologically seperates the foetus from herself makes concretes plans for the baby
may be irritable as she may want the pregnancy to end
coping mechanisms may flater
father may feel apprehensive - 27Social changes - 4 phasesdisruptive phase
adaption phase
centering phase
anticipation and preparation phase - 28Antenatal Care - what and whyintegral part of total childbearing experience
takes place as a medical model
prescribed set of act around monitoring and screening
pregnancy seen as an illness
midwives move towards wellness
relationships with care provider are formed
roles and relationships are established
choices are made
wellness and normality are promoted - 29Principles of ANCantenatal - prenatal - antepartum
principles: open and regular communication
involve significant others
accurate history
assessment and screening of mother and baby
information about pregnancy changes
health promotion
advice and education - 30Maternal and foetal assessmentweight and height
gestation
blood pressure
abdominal palpation
fetal movements (16-20 weeks)
fetal HR (less than 12 weeks)
anti-D prophylaxis (rh -ve 28 + 34)
antenatal screening tests - 31Nutrition during pregnancygood nutrition supports growth and development of foetus and maternal tissue demands
weight gain - appetite governs intake
11-16kgs
risk GDM and hypertension if overweight pre-pregnancy
risk m/c and LBW baby if underweight pre-pregancy
balanced diet with all food groups - 32Antenatal screeningway of detecting predisposition (risk) for a condition or disease
not a diagnosis
should be safe, valid, reliable
may include:
CBP, blood group, Rh status, Vit D, presence of anaemia, infections, urinalysis, matermal serum screening, US - 33antenatal screeningwritten information should be provided
pre-screening counselling
full information and consequences of tests
choice of screening or not
notification of results
honesty and openess - 34Maternal serum screeningscreening tool for chromosomal abnormality
blood test in first trimester
limitations - false results
consequences: further screening + assisted risk of miscarriage
termination versis increased health - 35Harmony prenatal testnon-invasive prenatal assessing risk of chromosomal abnormalitites
maternal blood smaple taken at 10 weeks gestation
blood contains fragments of DNA
tests for trisomy 21 (down's syndrome), Trisomy 18 (edwards syndrome),
result in 10 days
expensive but accurate - 36Advantages and disadvantageof 1st trimester screeningbenefits - less false positive and negative
less normal foetal loss, higher detection, personal benefits to women diagnosis
Disadvantages - cost of nuchal translucency scan, logistically more difficult to manage - 37Pregnancy ultrasound abdominal and vaginaabdominal - dating scan 10-13 weeks, nuchal transluencency scan, 1st trimester to identify any chromosomal abnormalities, identifies by pocket of fluid at back of baby's neck, anomaly scan 18-20 weeks, position of placenta, umbilical cord, amniotic fluid around foetus
Vaginal - can be uncomfortable, less than 8 weeks, maternal obesity - 38Antenatal screening 18-20 week USS18-20 week USS
morphology and placental site
screening for abnormality
does not detect all abnormality - 39Antenatal screening 26-28 weeksOGCT, CBP, ab screen
50gm glucose load (non-fasting)
random BSL versus fasting BGL
screening tool for GDM with potential to avoid adverse outcomes
does not detect all GDM
if raised, requires lifestyle change, medication - 40Antenatal screening35-37 weeks GBS (strep) status
implications: GBS largest cause of early onset neonatal sepsis
GBS is transient so may not detect all materal colonisation
treatment - antibiotic prophylaxis in labour prevents transmission of GBS - 41Cultural beliefspregnancy is a natural process - major life event
pregnancy is a medical condition
combination of both - 42cultural influencesgender and social expectatoins
females attends health concerns
parental roles shared or not
women are quite in some cultures - 43Beware ethnocentrismwhen we think out values and practices are superior and are greater worth than an alternative culture
recognise prejudices, determine what client knows/believes, work with client - 44Summarygerminal period 2 weeks
embryonic period -2-8 weeks
foetal stage 8-40 weeks
physiological changes
psychological adjustments
social adjustments
antenatal screening/assessment
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- User has deleted their subject information Flashcards on Week 1 A - changes in the female body due to pregnancy, created by Deleted user on 14/06/2018.
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- Deleted user · Jun 2018
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- Jun 14, 2018
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- Created by Elizabeth Then · Jun 13, 2018
- Copied by Elizabeth Then · Jun 14, 2018
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