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Chapter 1

Chapter

1

Exploration

and Colonization

· The

First Americans

· Migration

· Migrated

from Asia across the Bering Strait

· Bering

Strait was a glacier but melted after the Ice Age

· The

people of Russia who migrated to North America are cut off from the entire

world for centuries because of its geography

· Mesoamerica

· All

the people traveled around America

· Most

migrated south and ended up in Mesoamerica

· Mesoamerica

is Mexico and Guatemala

· 40

million people living in Mesoamerica

· Only

15 million in US and Canada

· Europe

Encounters Africa and the Americas, 1450-1550

· In

the 15th Century, Europe became more interested in the rest of the

world.

· Contributing

Factors:

· The

Renaissance

· “rebirth”

· Rebirth

of the ideas of ancient Greece and ancient Rome

· Old

ideas were blended with new ideas

· People

want to be more educated which pushes exploration of the new world

· New

technology

· Compass

· Caravel

· Lightweight,

faster ship

· Astrolabe

· Tells

you where you are on a nautical map

· Portugal

· Became

the leader in exploration

· Prince

Henry the Navigator

· He

sent ships out to explore the Western Coast of Africa

· They

began trading humans for goods when they arrived at the Coast of Africa

· Portugal

was the first country to get involved in the African slave trade

· African

slave trade was not started by them

· It

had been going on for years and years before

· Europe

Reaches the Americas

· The

Portuguese controlled the trade route to India

· Other

countries look for another route to India

· King

Ferdinand and Queen Isabella decide to finance the expeditions of an Italian

named Christopher Columbus

· CC

and his men eventually arrive at an island in the Caribbean

· He

called it the West Indies and the natives were called the Indians

· CC

brings men, domestic animals, and slaves

· CC

is credited for finding the Americas just because he made a big deal about his

findings

· Amerigo

Vespucci

· First

to notice the America was not India

· Along

the line somewhere, it got the name America after him

· The

Spanish Conquest (we’ll talk about colonies and settlements later.)

· Conquistadors

· Hernan

Cortez

· He

conquered the Aztec Empire in Mexico

· Francisco

Pizarro

· He

conquered the Inca Empire in Peru

· God,

Gold, and Glory

· Columbian

Exchange

· Result

of the Spanish invasion of the America’s

· It

was trade between the Eastern and Western Hemispheres

· Trade

of goods, ideas, and disease

· Disease

would end up killing 50% to 90% of the

natives

· Forced

Conversion

· Natives

who survived were forced into Christian baptisms

· The

Protestant Reformation and the Rise of England

· Origins

of the Protestant Reformation

· Catholic

Church became very corrupt

· Examples:

· Selling

indulgences

· Appointing

people to office as favors

· People

wanted to reform the church

· Instead,

they just created a new branch of Christianity called Protestantism

· Martin

Luther (Lutheranism)

· He

wrote the 95 Theses

· He

was declared a heretic and excommunicated

· He

and his followers created Lutheranism off his ideas

· He

used the printing press to spread his ideas

· His

ideas were…

· Only

God can give grace to someone

· Grace

of God was determined by fate not by actions

· Anyone

can talk to God, not just Church leaders

· The

Bible was the ultimate authority, not the Clergy

· John

Calvin (Calvinism)

· He

believed in predestination

· Humans

have no free will

· Fate

cannot be determined by the way you live

· He,

also, believed the Bible was the ultimate authority

· Henry

VIII (Anglicanism)

· In

the beginning, he defended the Catholic Church

· The

pope even named him The Defender of the Faith

· When

his first wife Catherine of Aragon could not produce a son, he asked for an

annulment so he could marry Anne Boleyn.

· The

pope wouldn’t give him the annulment

· He

created the Church of England, names himself head of the church, and gave

himself the annulment

· The

Dutch and English Challenge Spain

· King

Phillip II

· The

leader of Spain and all of its territories

· Strict

Catholic

· Wants

to get rid of all of the heretics in Spanish territories

· Everyone

HAS to be Catholic

· In

1566, the protestants in the Spanish Netherlands revolted against Phillip and

created their own republic, the Dutch Republic (Holland)

· Queen

Elizabeth I

· Sent

troops to help the Dutch during the conflict

· Phillip

responded by sending the Spanish Armada, a huge fleet of ships, to invade

England

· The

English already had experience with the Armada, so they already knew the

strengths and weaknesses of the Armada

· They

were easily capable to defeat the Armada

· Spain

was already involved in a lot of wars which was hurting the Spanish economy, so

everyone left for the New World

· When

Phillip died in 1598, Spain was declining and England was emerging as a world economic

power

· The

English had begun using a new system in their textile market, where the

merchants pay the peasants to weave and spin wool in their own facilities (such

as their own home)

· It

is called the Output Systems

· They

would sell the cloth

· This

started the idea of mercantilism

· Mercantilism

· Money

= Power

· They

created a favorable balance in trade

· More

exports than imports

· Elizabeth

really liked this

· The

merchants didn’t have to pay the peasants very much

· This

creates a lot of wealth in England

· The

Social Causes of English Colonization

· Enclosure

Acts

· Crop

failures in England

· Indentured

servants

· Peasants

couldn’t pay for to travel to the New World

· So

they became indentured servants

· They

signed a contract to work for five to seven years in exchange for travel to the

new world and food and shelter when they arrived.

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