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BMS 110 Unit 1 Ch. 3

Deleted user User has deleted their subject information English 79 cards

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  1. 1cell theory1) 1 or more cells
    2) smallest unit of living things
    3) all cells come from preexisting cells
  2. 23 things in common for all cells1) plasma membrane
    2) DNA
    3) cytoplasm
  3. 3prokaryotic cell & example-single-celled
    -no nucleus
    -no membrane-bound organelles
    -have DNA (not enclosed in a nucleus)
    -ex: bacteria
  4. 4eukaryotic cell & examples-has a "true nucleus" that contains DNA
    -membrane-bound organelles
    -unicellular or multicellular
  5. 5in body, what % are human or bacterial cells/10% body cells are human
    90% body cells are bacterial
  6. 6why does surface to volume ratio matter?responsible for small size of cells but maximizes interaction surfaces
    -as linear dimensions (3D object) increase, volume increases faster than surface area does
  7. 7what are not considered organelles?ribosomes & centrioles
  8. 8chemical reactions take place in...organelles
  9. 9microscopyuse of microscopes to view objects
  10. 10micrographphotograph of image formed by microscope
  11. 11compound light microscope2 or more glass lends that bend light rays to form enlarged image
    -cells are often dyed
    -only provides sharp images when mag is 2000x or less
  12. 12electron micoscopeuses magnetic lends to bend beams of electrons
    -reveals smaller details than light microscopes; great depth
  13. 13receptor proteinsdocks for signaling molecules like hormones; triggers changes in cell activities
  14. 14recognition proteinssit on surface of cell; chemical fingerprints that identify cell as certain type
  15. 15transport proteinsallow specific substances to move across membrane
  16. 16selective permeabilityallows some substances in but not some others
    -controls when & how much crossing
    -small, nonpolar substances are permeable
    -ions or large, polar molecules cross through transport proteins or pumps
  17. 17lipids/proteins can have sugars attached to external surface which areglycoproteins & glycolipids
  18. 18key functions of the nucleus1) prevents DNA from getting tangled up with structures in cytoplasm - protects it
    2) outer membranes of nucleus are boundary where movement of substances to & from cytoplasm can be controlled
  19. 19nuclear envelope-double-membrane system
    -surrounds fluid part of nucleus (nucleoplasm) & proteins embedded in layers
    -threadlike proteins attach to inner surface & anchor DNA molecules to envelope & keep them organized
  20. 20masses in nucleus are called... what do they do?nucleolus
    -construction site where proteins & RNA are combined to make parts of ribosomes
  21. 21chromatincell's DNA & all proteins associated with it
  22. 22chromosomesdouble-stranded DNA molecule that carries genetic information
  23. 23endomembrane systemsystem in cells that includes ER, golgi apparatus, & vesicles; in which new proteins are modified into final form & lipids are assembled
  24. 24endoplasmic reticulumflattened channel that starts at nuclear enveloped & goes through cytoplasm
    -lipids assembled in smooth er
    -rough er modifies new polypeptide chains
    -"raw" polypeptide chains are processed into final proteins
  25. 25ribosomeplatform for building a cell's proteins
    -parts synthesized in nucleolus
  26. 26rough er-strudded with ribosomes
    -modifies new polypeptide chains
  27. 27smooth er-no ribosomes; flat connecting pipes
    -lipids are assembled
  28. 28golgi body/apparatus-series of flattened sacs
    -enzymes on sacs finish proteins/lipids, then package in vesicles for shipment to specific locations
  29. 29vesicletiny sac that moves through the cytoplasm or takes up positions in it
  30. 30lysosometype of vesicle that breaks down/chemically digests substances
    -can digest whole cell or just cell parts
    -often fuse with other vesicles that formed at plasma membrane & contain bacteria
  31. 31peroxisomessacs of enzymes that brask down fatty acids & amino acids
    -creates hydrogen peroxide which is converted to water & oxygen
  32. 32mitochondria-makes ATP in inner compartment
    -double-membrane system
    -requires oxygen
    -has own DNA: mtDNA & has some ribosomes
    -in outer compartment, enzymes
  33. 33the inner membrane of mitochondria is called...cristae
  34. 34cytoskeletonsystem of interconnected fibers, threads, & lattices in cytosol
  35. 35microtubuleslargest cytoskeleton elements; spatially organize interior of cell & help move cell parts
    -long tiny tubules made of tubulin protein chromosone movement during cell division tracks for organelle movement
  36. 36microfilaments-reinforce part of cell; anchor some membrane proteins
    -long filaments constructed of actin protein subunits
    -responsible for cellular locomotion & muscle contraction
    -establish basic shape/strength of cell
  37. 37intermediate filaments-strong cables of protein subunits
    -type depends on intermediate
    -adds strength; anchors filaments of 2 proteins (actin & myosin) when they interact in muscle cells; enables muscles to contract
  38. 38flagellatail-like motile structures in eukaryotic cells
    -arise from centrioles
  39. 39ciliashort, hair-like projections in eukaryotic cells
    -arise from centrioles
  40. 40concentration# of molecules of a substance in a certain amount of fluid
  41. 41gradient# of molecules in one region is not same as in another
  42. 42diffusionnet movement of like molecules/ions down a concentration gradient
    -high to low
  43. 43passive transportdiffusion of solute through channel/carrier protein without use of energy
  44. 44ventilationmovement of gases (not passive)
  45. 45respirationexchange of gases (passive)
  46. 46osmosisdiffusion of water across selectively permeable membrane in response to solute concentration gradients
  47. 47water ALWAYS moves from...hypotonic to hypertonic
  48. 48tonicityconcentration of solutes in a solution
  49. 49isotonicsolute concentrations same on either side of cell membrane
    -no net flow of water
  50. 50hypotonicfewer solutes in solution, higher solute concentration inside cell; water will move into cell & will cause cell to swell & burst
    AKA HEMOLYSIS
  51. 51hypertonicmore solutes in solution, lower solute concentration inside cell; water will move out of cell & will cause cell to shrink & shrivel
    AKA CRENATION
  52. 52transporter proteins-span lipid bilayer
    -help solutes cross membrane
    -specific to solute
    -provide a channel for ions/molecules down concentration gradients
    -doesn't require ATP energy
  53. 53active transport-requires energy
    -membrane pumps = move substances against their concentration gradient
    -ATP provides most energy for this type
  54. 54endocytosis-active transport; vesicle transport
    -"coming inside cell"; cell takes in substances next to its surface
    -small indentation forms, balloons inward, pinches off
    -phagocytosis = when it brings in organic matter "cell eating"
  55. 55exocytosis-active transport; vesicle transport
    -"moving out of cell"; vesicle moves to surface & protein-studded lipid bilayer of its membrane fuses with plasma membrane
    -contents released to outside
  56. 56chemical reactions either _____ or _____ energyrelease or require energy
  57. 57anabolismput together small molecules
  58. 58catabolismbreaks down large molecules
  59. 59metabolism defchemical reactions in cells
  60. 60where is energy store in ATP?stored energy is contained in bond between 2nd & 3rd phosphate groups
  61. 61ATP supply must be renewed so...phosphate/phosphate group (has already been split off) is attached to ADP (adenosine diphosphate)
  62. 62ATP/ADP cycle-mechanism of ATP renewal; when ATP donates a phosphate group to other molecules, reverts to ADP, & forms again by phosphorylation of ADP
  63. 63reactantany substance that is part of a metabolic reaction
  64. 64intermediatesubstance that forms between beginning & end of metabolic pathway
  65. 65productssubstances present at end of reaction/pathway
  66. 66most enzymes are proteins but ALL are...catalysts
  67. 67substratereactant/precursor for reaction; specific molecule(s) that an enzyme can chemically recognize, briefly bind to, & modify in specific way
  68. 68active sitecrevice on surface of enzyme where substrate is present & a specific reaction is catalyzed
  69. 69homeostasis pH range of enzymes7.35 to 7.4
  70. 70many coenzymes are derived from...vitamins
  71. 71controls can...1) boost action of enzymes
    2) slow it down
    3) adjust how fast new enzyme molecules are made
  72. 72cellular respirationprocess by which cells break apart carbohydrates, lipids, proteins to form ATP
    -glucose is common raw material
    -mostly aerobic
  73. 73step 1: glycolysis-process by which glucose is partially broken down to pyruvate with net yield of 2 ATP
    -substrate: glucose
    -intermediate: PGAL
    -products: 2 pyruvate, 2 NADH, 2 net ATP
    -occurs in cytoplasm; ANAROBIC
  74. 74pyruvate3 carbons
  75. 75phosphorylationattachment of unbound phosphate to a molecule
    -adds energy to glucose to begin steps of glycolysis
  76. 76step 2: Krebs cycle aka citric acid cycle-stage of AEROBIC respiration in which pyruvate is completely broken down to carbon dioxide & water & 2 ATP form
    -substrate: 2 pyruvate
    -intermediate: acetyl-CoA
    -products: 2 ATP, 6 CO2, 8 NADH, 2 FADH2
    -NADH & FADH2 are electron carriers
    -occurs in mitochondria
  77. 77step 3: electron transport chain/system-AEROBIC; occurs in mitochondria
    -NADH & FADH2 carry electrons to this step
    -H+ flows across membranes & flow drives ATP formation
    -substrate: NADH/FADH2, oxygen
    -intermediate: hydrogen concentration ish
    -products: 32 ATP, H2O
    -H+ concentration gradient is formed
  78. 78total net yield of cellular respiration36 ATP
  79. 79lactate fermentation-process coverts pyruvate from glycolysis to lactic acid; makes ADP
    -ANAROBIC; produces ATP quickly but not for long
    -occurs during sudden, strenuous exercise
    -excess glucose is stored as glycogen

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User has deleted their subject information Flashcards on BMS 110 Unit 1 Ch. 3, created by Deleted user on 19/09/2021.
Created by
Deleted user · Sep 2021
Updated
Sep 19, 2021
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  • Created by Makenna Ornes · Sep 18, 2021
  • Copied by Makenna Ornes · Sep 19, 2021
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