The Three Approaches to an Argument - created from Mind Map

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Classical Approach- Aristotle

Toulmin Approach- Stephen Toulmin

Rogerian Approach-

Introduction-you have to grab your readers attention and get them to think about your argument

State your case- tell them what your issue is and have background information. You should point out all the important points

Proposition- point out things that support your side and help with your argument

Refutation- understanding your opponents argument and find faults in their argument to make your side stronger

Substantiation & Proof- state your argument using persuasion. Use the 3 keys, ethos, pathos, and logos

Conclusion- state your most important point and reach out to your audiences feelings and emotions

Claim- state your point in a way of asking your audience to listen and accept

Grounds- use persuasion (ethos, pathos, logos) and facts that supports your argument. Have a reason why you are arguing this point

Warrants- have data that supports and backs up your point. Show that your point matters and is relevant to your argument

Backing- have enough evidence and facts about your argument so you are able to answer any question that your audience will have. Know what you are arguing about.

Qualifier- strong connection of what your evidence says and how you think it is relevant. Make sure your opinion is just as strong as your facts.

Introduction- State your argument but keep it simple, short and to the point.

Neutral Statement of Opponents Belief- understand where your opponents argument is coming from without being judgmental toward their side.

Neutral Statement of Your Belief- state your side of the argument. Have examples and statements that are strong and correct.

Analysis-State what the two arguments have in common. What they might share (goals, values)

Proposal- Ending the argument in a way that both sides are valid but stating how your argument would benefit the audience.