Energy- unit 3

introduction

• Energy:
• humans use a wide range of energy sources, however they are heabily reliant on fossil fuels which is a finite source. access to energy sources partly depends on physical factors but also on availability of capital, technology and infrastructure.
• -ENERGY RICH COUNTRIES some areas experience energy surpluses (energy security) for example the middle east
• -ENERGY POOR COUNTRIES some areas experience energy deficit (energy insecurity)
• -ENERGY NEUTRAL COUNTRIES demand and supply are more or less equal\l (eg) Brazil
• Energy security:
• Is ensuring there is enough supply to meet demand, there are issues with exploiting new resources. The uncertainty as to how long fossil fuels will last . Also it is difficult to find acceptable and cost effective alternative energy sources. Each country must think about its future energy security because this is one of the main prerequisites for the future economic growth.
• 

Types of energy sources

• RENEWABLE RESOURCES:
• energy from a source that is not depleted when used, such as wind or solar power.
• NON-RENEWABLE:
• Existing in finite quantity; not capable of being Delete repeated word
• RECYCLABLE:
• potentially carbon neutral, they produce carbon dioxide when they are used but absorb it when they are grown
• primary source:
• energy found in natural resources. (eg) coal, crude oil
• secondary source:
• primary energy that has been transferred into a more convenience form, usually electricity.
• Recyclable are ...
• - biomass and nuclear
• A new technology called Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) is being developed to remove up to 90% of the waste carbon dioxide from power station emissions and store it underground.

Slide 3

UK

• In others - such as Germany - a decision by government to close existing nuclear plant has led to deeply polluting coal power plant remaining on line, despite rapid growth in renewables. Still in others, like the U.K., the government has created a “capacity market” to provide additional reserve generation should there be insufficient renewable power available. What they should be doing is interconnecting their markets to allow supply to flow in both directions, so that surplus British wind can replace German coal, and extra German solar can supplement gas on the UK system
• - The UK must ensure 10 per cent of its transport fuel comes from renewable sources by 2020, but the Department for Transport has planned to limit the volume of crops used to produce biofuels at two per cent, or zero per cent
• - the year of 2014 saw an increase of 4$ for cars using sustainable biofuels.

MiddleEast

• Middle East's future capacity to export might be more constrained than some realize. Growing populations, expanding middle classes, and increasing consumerism have transformed the Gulf states into key energy consumers.
• - The Middle East now uses nearly 33% of the oil that it produces, compared to just 20% in 2000.
• - economy dependant on the export of oil, current patterns of energy demand are not only wasting vallauble resources and causing pollution, but making the country vulnerable to economic and social crises
• - 80% of government spending in Saudi Arabia is dependant on oil revenues.

access to energy sources

• Varies around the world because...
• -the sources of renewable and non renewable sources are not evenly distributed (eg) Australia have better opportunity for solar than Scotland
• - the sources vary in terms of their ease of exploitation; where exploitation is difficult costs will be high
• - the demand for energy and the need to exploit energy sources varies from country to country; the higher level of economic development, the greater the demand
• PHYSICAL
• -fossil fuels only found in certain places
• -large HEP requires high precipitation annually, major steep sided valleys and impermeable rock
• -solar needs high annual sunshine
• ECONOMIC
• -the technology needed to exploit sources is not equally available or accessible; developed countries have an advantage.
• -onshore deposits of oil and gas are usually cheaper to develop than off shore deposits (if you don't have the resources then its harder)
• -when energy prices rise significantly, companies increase spending on exploration and development.

demand for energy

• moving energy use:
• - energy availability: in many parts of the world the modern forms of energy are not available or inaccessible due to lack of necessary infrastructure
• -energy affordability:
• even when they are available household may decide not to use them because they may be more expensive than traditional methods (eg) burning wood or animal dung (biomass)
• -cultural tradition:
• tradition slows down the adoption of more modern energy sources (eg) UK there are people who would rather an open coal fire
• BETWEEN 2010 AND 2030 GLOBAL DEMMAND IS EXPECTED TO GROW BY NEARLY 50%
• AVILABILITY:
• depends on geology, geography, available technology

Energy Pathways

• They are vital arteries of the global economy.
• Many of the major energy pathways fan out from a small number of energy nodes (major sources of primary energy located in energy rich countries

Energy security:

• -- striving for self sufficiency- meeting as much of the energy demand from domestic resources (sources from the country). There are geopolitical issues associated with dependence on foreign sources of supply:
• transportation may be disrupted
• having heavy reliance on one country (Saudi) could result in problems because if they decide to raise price or cut production
• Venezuela is one of the top five oil exporters to the United States, and we imported 435 million barrels of oil from them in 2008.
• --achieving a sustainable energy mix-using energy derived from a variety of sources ( renewable, non renewable and recyclable) not to dependant on just one source.
• --raising energy efficiency- can be sustainable lowered by simple energy saving measures (eg) energy saving light bulbs and double glazing
• --ensuring energy is supplied at an affordable price to industry and consumers
• INCREASING ENERGY INSECURITY (NOT TO DO)
• - distribution of energy pathways and therefore energy supply
• - power of major players in controlling energy supply
• - need to exploit less accessible and more costly energy resources
• - rising demand for energy outstripping supply

Energy pathways

• energy pathways are routes along which energy sources are transported from producer to consumer . they can be transported in many different ways (pipeline, ship, rail)
• -wellbeing of many countries depends on them
• - many of the major energy pathways fan out from a small number of energy nodes which are major sources of primary energy located in energy rich countries such as
• oilfields of the middle east
• gas fields of Russia
• -most of the pathways end up in energy poor countries where energy demand far exceeds the supply of energy from internal sources
• -more than 160,000 miles of oil pipelines in USA alone
• Middle eastern supplies
• >mass oil production began in 1945- countries like iran, iraq, UAE (united arab emirates) and Saudi having large quantities of oil.
• >crude oil supplies in region made it important and a significant player in the energy market
• infrastructure in middle east
• >arab gas pipeline
• The pipeline (East-West pipelines) is an important infrastructure project for the transportation of Saudi raw materials from the east of the country to the west. It provides not only access to resources to the other export route – through the Red Sea to Europe, but also conveys the raw material to the processing plants in the west of the country, where there are many large settlements and industrial centers. But oil is still the main resource which is needed to generate electricity in Saudi Arabia. The pipeline East-West is about 1170 km.

trans siberian gas

• >Trans Siberian Gas pipeline
• >The pipeline was constructed between 1982 and 1984 and created the transcontinental gas system Western Siberia Western Europe.
• >Managed by two key energy players Gazprom and UkrTransGaz. In 2011 UkrTransGas began improvements to the infrastructure.
• >The incident came the day after Russia shut down gas supplies to Ukraine over non-payment of huge debts running into billions of dollars. (june 2014)
• >Supplies to EU maintained despite mega-blast with flames 200 metres in the sky, and heat felt 1km from fireball.
• is a key energy supplier to EU countries. The Russian section of the pipeline is operated by state energy giant Gazprom, and the Ukrainian segment by Ukrtransgaz.>Supplies to Europe would not be affected as the gas flow had been temporarily shifted to a parallel pipeline.
• The pipeline transits through Ukraine, connecting Russia with Slovakia, with smaller offshoots transiting into Hungary and Romania.
• 
• Caption: The diameter of the pipeline is 56 inches with the Ukrainian side of the pipeline is 720 miles with the Russian side 2080 miles in length

trans Alaskan gas pipeline

• >It is considered one of the world’s largest pipeline systems.
• The supply is transported through the pipeline and thus distributed from North to South to homes, industry and other infrastructure.
• >operated by two key players in the energy sector, TransCanada and ExxonMobil
• > pipeline project in 2009. The project’s aim is to connect Alaska’s vast North Slope natural gas resources to new markets as well as deliver a secure source of clean burning energy for decades.
• >PROBLEMS
• the project has faced a number of challenges, one of them is the climate of the area as its extremely cold and the difficult terrain. The construction of the pipeline had to deal with the problems of permafrost, as a consequence special techniques for construction had been developed to cope. Had to cross 3 mountain ranges
• >north slope production is declining and in threat of being shut down.
• >attracted tens of thousands of workers to Alaska.
• 
• Caption: The pipeline is 800 miles and It has 11 pumping stations

Slide 13

• supply disruption
• - reserves running out
• -political instability along the pathways
• - disputes over the ownership of energy resources or the tramisition of energy across national borders by pipeline
• (EG) disputes in 2006 and 2009 over payment and prices led to Russia cutting off gas supplies to Ukraine, thereby reducing supplies downline to france and Germany
• -terrorism and other possible attacks on infrastructure
• -sudden price rises for imported energy
• -natural hazards such as earthquakes, tsunamis and hurricane (EG) hurricane Katrina in 2005 did extensive damage to oil refiniries
• -
• choke points
• -straits of humus
• -Persian gulf
• 30% of the worlds crude oil passes through it
• impacts of these supply disruption are...
• >rises in the cost of energy (oil crisis 1973)
• >the need to search for alternative energy with more secure pathways
• >reduced economic output and employment during periods of disruption
• >social unrest related to rising energy costs and unemployment

Slide 14

• 
• Caption: most of the middle east exports go through the straight of hormuz. narrowest section is 55km. 30% of the world oil supply passes through here

The search for new resources

• the search for new sources of energy is driven by 2 needs:
• - to meet the ever increasing global demand for energy
• -to make countries more energy secure , will make countries less dependant on imported supplies and less risk if these are disputed
• for non renwewable the most accessible resources have been discovered and exploited. the search for new resources focuses on the discovery in more technically difficult areas.
• carbon storage, geothermal energy, biofuels
• 

energy players

• 6 major players in global energy
• -TNCs and state owned companies
• -OPEC
• -Pressure groups
• -Innternational organisations
• -Consumers
• -National governments
• Two of these are particulary powerful
• > TNCs ( exxon mobil, BP) and state owned oil and gas companies ( Gazprom of russia)
• both involved in the exploration, extraction, refining and delivery of oil and gas
• >OPEC whose member countries are responsible for a large percentage of global oil and gas production. They are able to control the amount that is produced at any one time and as a result determine the price of these two energy sourcees
• GAZPROM CASE STUDY
• Energy (particularly gas) has helped to re-assert Russia's power and influence over former soviet states and given Russia a way to restore its
• international position and regain geopolitical importance.
• Gazprom is the world's largest gas supply company ­ it controls a third of the world's gas reserves and accounts for 92% of Russia's gas production.
• It provides 25% of the EU's natural gas ­ over 80% of its gas exports to Western Europe cross Ukraine (a transit state).
• It is the world's third largest corporation ­ its annual earnings in 2006 were £31.55 billion and it employed 432,000 people.
• HOWEVER, critics say that Russia is using the supply of gas as a political weapon:
• In January 2006, Ukraine found its gas (supplied by Gazprom) cut off, after Russia decided to quadruple the price and Ukraine's new pro-Western government refused to pay. In March 2008, Gazprom again cut gas supplies to Ukraine (by 50%) over a dispute that Gazprom
• claimed was about debt. However, Ukraine was seeking to join NATO and the EU at the time which angered Russia.

energy security and the future

• uncertainties future energy security is due to the rate at which the global demand for energy will continue to rise, which will be determines by a range of factors:
• >rate of population growth
• >rate of economic growth and rising living standards
• > rate of economic development in development countries and the BRICs
• > degree to which the energy demands of the energy-poor and least developed world are met,.
• Global energy uncertainty

meeting future energy needs

• Responses to increasing demands
• continuing to use fossil fuels and
• exploring for new reserves and sources of oil and gas
• switching to renewable sources of
• energy such as biofuels, wind, solar, tidal, and geothermal power
• making greater use of nuclear
• increasing efficiency this will
• then reduce current energy demands and drive down the costs
• Could be related to 5 R's
• -reduce overall consumption by focusing on ways of raising energy efficiency in the home, industry
• -reject environmentally damaging and polluting energy sources
• -research and developing more sustainable and affordable sources of energy
• -recycle waste and convert it into energy
• -reaffirm that nuclear power is vital in bridging the energy gap