Global History Regents Review Notes (Europe)

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Holy Roman Empire

In the early middle ages, Charlemagne brought France & Germany under his rule

Charlemagne death --> empire dissolved into separate states

936 Duke Otto I of Saxony took title of King of Germany

Successors of Otto took title of “Holy Roman Emperor”

worked closely with the church

Emperors would have conflicts with the Pope over appointment of church officials

Roman because they saw selves as heirs to emperors of ancient Rome

Holy because crowned by pope

HREmperors often decided who became bishops & abbots within their realm

Pope Gregory VII

As Cluny reforms strengthened, however the Pope wants to end this

Determined to make Ch. Independent of secular rulers

Banned practice of lay investiture: where a emperor or lay person (nonmember of clergy) presented bishops with ring & staff that symbolized their office

Claimed only pope had that right

Catholic Church

Monarchs tried centralizing power; government bureaucracy; developed system of taxes; built a standing army

Had their own courts, collected their own taxes and fielded their own armies

Had as much, or more power than monarchs

Loosely organized system of government in which local lords governed their own lands but owed military service and other support to a greater lord

Fedualism

Niccolo Machiavelli

Renaissance writer - wrote The Prince (1513)

Combined personal experience of politics w/ his knowledge of the past to offer a guide to rulers on how to gain and maintain power

Urged rulers to do whatever necessary methods to achieve goals

Crusades

Saw himself as an enemy of oppression and corruption; others said influenced by devil

Intent: to free the Holy Land

Motives of Crusade:

On and off for 200 years

First Crusade: Christian knights captured Jerusalem (1099)

Muslims sought to destroy Christian kingdoms

Hope to win wealth & land

Escape troubles at home

Adventure

Pope Urban II hoped to increase power in Euro & heal schism (split) between Roman & Byzantine churches

Result of the Crusades

Encouraged the growth of a money economy

Increased trade

Increased power of feudal monarchs (e.g.: rulers won rights to levy taxes to support crusades)

Brought papal power to greatest height though short lived

1456 - printed first complete edition of the Bible using the first printing press and printing inks in the West

Johann Gutenberg (Mainz, Germany)

China for paper making methods and Chinese & Koreans for movable metal type

Printing Revolution begun

More books caused more pepople to learn how to read , and increased the access to a broad range of knowledge from medicine to astrology to mining

Knights - Code of Chivalry

Code of conduct

Knights

required to be brave, loyal & true to their word

Agreed

not to ask another knight before opponent has had a chance to put on armor

Dictated

to treat captured knights will or release captured if captured promise to pay

his ransom

Applied

to nobles only

Placed

women on pedestal, women to be protected and cherished

Marco Polo

Venetian - called the "Price of Liars"

1271 - set out for China with father & uncle

told stories about the wonders of Chinese civilization

Reconquists

Campaign

to drive Muslims from Spain

Christian

warriors 1085 recaptured city of Toledo

1300 - controlled entire Iberian Peninsula except Grenada

1469 - Isabella of Castile married Ferdinand of Aragon; combined forces of the rulers

opened way for unified state

1492 -

Reconquista complete

Isabella & Ferdinand tried imposing unity on diverse people, they joined forces with the towns people against

powerful nobles

Was

religious tolerated under Muslim Rule, Isabella ended it b/c wanted rel. unity

Isabella

launched against Jews & Muslims and wanted people to convert to Christianity

Thirty Year War

Rel

& pol causes

Sparked

when rebellious nobles threw two royal officials out a window

Ferdinand

elected as HREmperor

With

Spain, Poland & other Cath States, Ferdinand tried to roll back Reformation

Defeated

Bohemians & their Protestant allies

Alarmed,

prot powers sent troops into Germany

Fighting caused villages to be burned, crops were destroyed and people were killed without mercy (depopulation)

1648 - signed Peace of Westphalia - aimed to create general Euro peace & an attempt to settle other

international problems

Europe