Quiz
CHAPTER 5
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Questions in this quiz (70)
1The judgments other people make of your personality may affect ________.
- Ayour opportunities
- Byour chances of getting a job
- Cexpectancies of your behavior
- Dall of the above
2Judgments other people make of your personality are known as your ________.
- Areputation
- Bself-concept
- Crealistic accuracy model signal
- Didentity
3Judgments of your personality by others ________.
- Areflect who you are
- Bcreate who you are
- Care too inaccurate to be used in research contexts
- Dboth reflect who you are and can influence what you are like
4Shy people fear social interactions and often feel lonely. They are typically perceived by others as
________.- Ashy
- Bcold and aloof
- Cwarm and friendly
- Dsensitive and intelligent
5About 1 person in ________ considers himself or herself to be chronically shy.
- A100
- B25
- C10
- D4
6Self-fulfilling prophecies are more technically known as ________.
- Aopportunistic fallacies
- Bexpectancy effects
- Cconsequential reputations
- Drecency effects
7Which of the following is NOT considered one of the likely reasons that high-expectancy students
perform better?- ATeachers are warmer to these students.
- BTeachers provide more detailed and constructive feedback to these students.
- CTeachers show an increased willingness to ignore disciplinary problems in these students.
- DTeachers provide extra opportunities to these students.
8In a study of social expectancies, Snyder, Tanke, and Berscheid (1977) found that if male participants
were shown a photograph of an attractive woman and told they would be interacting with her by
telephone, the female participant they actually spoke with ________.- Arated herself as more attractive than the woman in the photograph
- Brated herself as less attractive than the woman in the photograph
- Cwas rated by other people as behaving in a warm, humorous, and friendly manner
- Dwas rated by other people as behaving in a cold, aloof, and unfriendly manner
9Attractive females are expected to be warm and friendly, and those females who are considered to be
attractive are treated in such a manner that they indeed respond in warm and friendly ways. According
to Snyder, Tanke, and Berscheid (1977), this effect is a type of ________.- Aself-fulfilling prophecy
- Baccuracy moderator
- Csex discrimination
- Djudgability phenomena
10In a series of studies about intellectual expectancies, Rosenthal and Jacobson (1968) found that
schoolchildren randomly identified as “bloomers” showed an average IQ increase of about 15 points
by the end of the school year. These studies demonstrated ________.- Athe power of expectancies
- Bthat formal training designed to develop self-efficacy can impact performance
- Cthe accuracy of lay judgments of personality
- Dthe good target moderator of accuracy
11According to Lee Jussim (1991), the source of real-life expectancies is likely ________.
- Aerroneous stereotypes about groups
- Bprevious observations of behavioral tendencies
- Cauthoritarian personality traits
- Da cognitive bias to seek incongruent information
12Research on intellectual and social expectancies demonstrates that ________.
- Aother people’s perceptions of your personality can influence who you are and what you do
- Bother people’s perceptions of your personality have little influence on your expectations
- Csuch judgments are always based on direct observation of behavior
- Dsuch judgments are rarely unbiased
13What might be an effect of expectancies in real life?
- Ato create new behavioral tendencies
- Bto enhance reputations
- Cto magnify or maintain existing behavioral tendencies
- Dto diminish or punish existing behavioral tendencies
14Julie does not like to attend parties because she is shy and convinced that people will not like her.
When Julie does go to a party, she avoids eye contact, gives abrupt responses to other people’s
questions, and quickly withdraws from interactions. As a result, she spends most of the evening in a
corner by herself, convinced that no one at the party likes her. This is an example of ________.- Athe causal force of I data
- Bexpectancy effects
- Cthe effects of low self-monitoring
- Dan internal locus of control
15What are the two primary criteria for evaluating personality judgments?
- Ainterjudge agreement and internal consistency
- Binternal consistency and behavioral prediction
- Cinterjudge agreement and behavioral prediction
- Dpredictive validity and behavioral prediction
16The basic reason that research on the accuracy of personality judgments experienced a lengthy hiatus
between 1955 and the mid-1980s was that ________.- Aearly researchers had already identified the characteristics of a good judge of personality
- Bresearchers turned their attention to the content of personality judgments
- Cresearchers lacked consensual criteria for deciding the accuracy of personality judgments
- Dearly research indicated that personality judgments are relatively inconsequential
17The observation “If it looks like a duck, walks like a duck, and quacks like a duck, then it is probably a
duck” illustrates the method of ________.- Amoderator variables
- Bconstructivist accuracy
- Cprocedural judgment
- Dconvergent validation
18Which of the following is assessed in the process of convergent validation?
- Ainterjudge agreement
- Bconstructivism
- Ccritical realism
- Dfirst impressions
19Which of the following is an example of interjudge agreement in the context of accuracy judgments?
- AYour own ratings of your conscientiousness predict your class attendance.
- BYour friends’ ratings of your agreeableness do not predict your neatness.
- CYour friends’ ratings of your extraversion converge with your parents’ ratings.
- DYour parents’ ratings of your neuroticism correlate with your anal retentiveness.
20Imagine that judgments of extraversion made on the first day of college correlate with the number of
parties that students attend over the course of their four years of college. Researchers would therefore
say that these judgments have ________.- Ainterjudge agreement
- Binternal consistency
- Ccritical realism
- Dpredictive validity
21Which of the following illustrates converging criteria that could be used to establish the accuracy of a
personality judgment?- AOne of your friends describes you as an extravert.
- BYou always show up to work on time, and your colleagues say that you are dependable
and conscientious. - CYou tend to get into arguments, and you throw tantrums frequently.
- DYou describe yourself as intelligent, but you score low on an IQ test.
22Which of the following illustrates converging criteria that could be used to establish the accuracy of a
personality judgment?- AOne of your friends describes you as an extravert.
- BYou always show up to work on time, and your colleagues say that you are dependable
and conscientious. - CYou tend to get into arguments, and you throw tantrums frequently.
- DYou describe yourself as intelligent, but you score low on an IQ test.
23When Sam argues that all interpretations of reality are equally accurate, she is advocating the
________ philosophical position.- Arealist
- Bpositivist
- Cempiricist
- Dconstructivist
24When Andrew argues some interpretations of reality are more correct than others, he is advocating the
________ philosophical position.- Arealist
- Bpositivist
- Cempiricist
- Dconstructivist
25The statement “There is no such thing as objective reality, only human ideas or perceptions of reality”
would most likely be made by a ________. The statement “The absence of perfect, infallible criteria
for truth does not force us to conclude that all interpretations of reality are equally likely to be correct”
would most likely be made by a ________.- Aconstructivist; empiricist
- Bb. constructivist; critical realist
- Ccritical realist; empiricist
- Dempiricist; critical realist
26According to research described in the textbook, about how often did the more “competent” looking
candidate win in the 2004 senate races?- A20 percent of the time
- B50 percent of the time
- C70 percent of the time
- D100 percent of the time
27What does recent research suggest about the validity of first impressions?
- AFirst impressions based on configural properties of faces may have some validity.
- BFirst impressions based on the size of the target’s nose have a surprising amount of
validity. - CFirst impressions based on the shape of the target’s mouth have a surprising amount of
validity. - DFirst impressions based on face judgments have no validity.
28Based on recent research, what approach for job interviews might be the best?
- Awritten responses to open-ended questions
- Btelephone interviews
- Cface-to-face interviews
- Dcomputer-mediated interviews
29Participants in a recent study were shown and then asked to judge composite faces from targets who
scored extremely low or extremely high on personality dimensions. Which two traits had the highest
levels of accuracy for both female and male targets?- Aextraversion and neuroticism
- Bextraversion and agreeableness
- Cagreeableness and neuroticism
- Dneuroticism and openness
30Which was NOT one of the areas in which people made reasonably accurate judgments, based only on
looking at someone’s face?- Adominance vs. submissiveness
- Bsexual orientation
- Cprofitability of a CEO’s company
- Dnumber of children
31People who enjoy reflective, complex music tend to be higher in what trait?
- Acheerfulness
- Btalkativeness
- Cimagination
- Dintelligence
32People who enjoy upbeat, conventional music tend to be higher in what trait?
- Acheerfulness
- Btalkativeness
- Cimagination
- Dintelligence
33Imagine your new roommate makes her bed carefully each morning. What might you infer with some
accuracy about her personality?- AShe is conscientious.
- BShe is open to experience.
- CShe is depressed.
- DShe is extremely extraverted.
34A variable that affects the relation between two other variables is known as a ________.
- Amoderator
- Bcatalyst
- Ctransmitter
- Dresidual
35Which of the following was NOT mentioned in the textbook as a potential moderator of accuracy?
- Aqualities of personality judges
- Bqualities of the target of the judgment
- Cthe amount of information available to judges
- Dthe age of the target of the judgment
36A(n) ________ condition refers to a limit on the generalizability of a particular research conclusion.
- Athreshold
- Bboundary
- Cexclusionary
- Dcaveat
37According to the text, ________ describes a context where social norms tend to restrict what
people do.- Aa weak situation
- Ba socially constrained situation
- Ca strong situation
- Dsituationism
38Andersen (1984) found that the quality of information affected the accuracy of personality judgments.
According to the results of this study, information obtained from which actions would most likely lead
to a social impression that corresponds to the target’s self-assessment?- Alistening to the target describe his or her overt behaviors
- Bobserving the person’s behaviors at work
- Cwatching a five-minute videotaped interaction between the target and an opposite-sex
stranger - Dlistening to the target describe his or her thoughts and feelings
39Which of the following attributes were consistently related to being a good judge of personality in
older research?- Aextraversion and openness
- Bagreeableness and intelligence
- Cconscientiousness and intelligence
- Dextraversion and conscientiousness
40Recent research on the good judge of personality indicated that the good judge was ________.
- Aextraverted
- Ba high self-monitor
- Cnarcissistic
- Dagreeable
41According to a recent study described in the textbook, which of the following is accurate about people
who describe themselves as “a good judge of personality”?- ASuch people are much better than others at judging personality.
- BSuch people are no more accurate than others at judging personality.
- CSuch people are quite high in narcissism.
- DSuch people are quite high in self-esteem
42According to the text, what trait refers to individual differences in the willingness to engage in sexual
relations with minimal acquaintanceship?- Asexual constraint
- Bsociosexuality
- Csocio-openness
- Dsexual openness
43According to evolutionary theory, humans should be able to judge the trait of ________ more
accurately than other traits that are less important for the survival of the species.- Asocial intelligence
- Bself-esteem
- Csociability
- Dsociosexuality
44What was the boundary on the acquaintanceship effect identified by Colvin and Funder (1991)?
- AThe advantage of close acquaintances vanishes when the criterion is the ability to predict
behavior in a situation similar to one that strangers have seen but acquaintances have not. - BJudgments made by acquaintances who have known the target for 5 years are as valid as
judgments made by parents and acquaintances who have known the target for 20 years. - CStrangers’ judgments are more accurate than acquaintances’ judgments when the criterion
is self-other agreement. - DStrangers’ judgments, based on a 5-minute videotape of the target’s behavior,
demonstrated these judges’ ability to generalize to situations and contexts that were very
different from the videotaped interactions.
- AThe advantage of close acquaintances vanishes when the criterion is the ability to predict
45According to the text, ________ does not seem to significantly improve as judges acquire more
information, whereas ________ does seem to improve considerably.- Aaccuracy; consensus
- Bconsensus; accuracy
- Cpredictive validity; reliability
- Dconsensus; interjudge agreement
46How should you act in everyday life according to the “transparent self” theory of psychological
health?- AAct like a chameleon, changing from one situation to the next, and keep your inner self
private. - BConceal very little from those around you; show your true self
- CAdopt a public persona and always follow that identity to keep your inner self private.
- DMake sure to act like everyone else around you to blend in with the crowd.
- AAct like a chameleon, changing from one situation to the next, and keep your inner self
47One difficulty that early researchers encountered in identifying the good judge of personality was that
________.- Aa good judge in one context was not always a good judge in other contexts
- Bclinical psychologists dismissed the findings, claiming good judgment of others required
extensive training - Cno one could measure personality objectively in the first place
- Dresearchers did not have the statistical tools to study accuracy
48A good judge of personality seems to be high in ________.
- Aagency
- Bself-monitoring
- Ccommunion
- Dabsorption
49A recent study found that women are more accurate than men in judging others. What was the
explanation for this finding?- AWomen are better than men at figuring out what is unique about each person.
- BMen are biased to see everyone more negatively.
- CMen are biased to see everyone more positively.
- DWomen are better than men at knowing what the average person is like.
50According to the text, if peers based judgments on reputation and not observation, then researchers
should find ________.- Amore agreement on unobservable traits compared to observable traits
- Bmore agreement on observable traits compared to unobservable traits
- Cequal agreement for both observable and unobservable traits
- Dno agreement in personality judgments whatsoever
51What is the best description of the acquaintanceship effect?
- AYour acquaintances are more accurate than you are when judging your personality.
- BThe more information you have about someone, the more accurate your judgment of his
or her personality. - CThe longer you have known someone, the less accurate your judgment of his or her
personality. - DPeople judge their friends more favorably than they judge their enemies.
52A small number of studies have investigated whether making an extra effort to be a good judge of
personality improves accuracy. According to the textbook, what conclusions can be drawn from this
literature?- AExtra effort greatly improves accuracy.
- BExtra effort reduces accuracy by a considerable amount.
- CExtra effort improves judgments of close friends but not casual acquaintances.
- DThe results of the existing studies are mixed.
53Abed is a stable, well-adjusted person. His behavior is fairly consistent and predictable; essentially,
“what you see is what you get.” Abed would most likely be ________.- Aeasy to judge accurately
- Ba good judge of personality
- Ca narcissist
- Dsomeone who scores high on commonality
54Which of the following is an aspect of the “good” trait?
- Amoderation
- Bunpredictability
- Cvisibility
- Dacquaintanceship
55According to research that shows a link between a trait’s observability and the accuracy with which it
is judged, which of the following traits would be easiest to judge accurately?- Amoodiness
- Btalkativeness
- Cruminativeness
- Dpsychological mindedness
56Which of the following traits would be hardest to judge?
- Aemotional stability
- Bextraversion
- Cphysical appearance
- Dsocial dominance
57In making an overall judgment of your personality, which person should be most accurate?
- Aa teacher
- Ba lifelong best friend
- Ca trained clinical psychologist
- Da classmate who has seen you most recently
58Which of the following is the strongest situation using the psychological definition of a strong
situation?- Aa party
- Ban unstructured job interview
- Ca funeral
- Dfree time on a Saturday afternoon
59The finding that more observable traits yield better interjudge agreement suggests that peer judgment
is based more on ________ than on ________.- Aexpectancies; the target’s self-judgments
- Ba manufactured reputation; direct behavioral observation
- Cdirect behavioral observation; a manufactured reputation
- Dstereotypes; expectancies
60A salesperson has been married for 10 years, but her husband has never seen her do her job. According
to the textbook, which of the following statements is true regarding the accurate prediction of her
behavior during her work?- AHer customers will be about as accurate as her husband in predicting her behavior at
work. - BHer husband will be much more accurate than her customers in predicting her behavior at
work - CHer customers will be much more accurate than her husband in predicting her behavior at
work. - DNone of the above are true.
- AHer customers will be about as accurate as her husband in predicting her behavior at
61Imagine that Sally thinks she can judge Charlie’s personality better than Lucy’s personality. According
to a recent study, which statement is most correct?- ASally will be more accurate in her judgments of Lucy.
- BSally will be equally accurate in her judgments of Charlie and Lucy.
- CSally will be more accurate in her judgments of Charlie.
- DLucy will report a fairly negative view of Sally, if she is asked.
62Drawing on research described in the text, what would be a reasonable prediction about a group of
introverts who are instructed to act extraverted for a week?- AThey will report increased happiness at the end of the week.
- BThey will report being tired and depleted from the effort.
- CThey will report increased feelings of closeness with others.
- DThey will not be noticeably different after the study.
63Doug has known Manesh for more than 20 years. Jim has only known Manesh since he joined Jim’s
department at Acme Advertising Agency 2 months ago. According to Colvin and Funder’s (1991)
study of the boundaries on the acquaintanceship effect, if both Doug and Jim are asked to predict how
Manesh will behave during a presentation at work next week, whose predictions will be more
accurate?- ADoug’s
- BJim’s
- CThe two predictions will be about equally accurate.
- DNeither Doug’s nor Jim’s; such behavior is not predictable.
64What are the steps in the Realistic Accuracy Model (RAM) of personality judgment?
- Arecall/adjustment/manipulation
- Brealism/accuracy/manipulation
- Crecall/activation/matching/detection
- Drelevance/availability/detection/utilization
65A judge may see a target’s behavior, pay attention to the behavior, and use the behavior in his or her
judgment about the target’s personality. However, for the personality judgment to be accurate, the
________.- Aobserved behavior must be relevant to the trait being judged
- Bbehavior must be unusual and distinctive
- Cjudge must have observed the behavior on multiple occasions
- Dpersonality trait must be cross-situationally consistent
66Imagine that you are at a party, and your best friend introduces you to a guy named David. You and
your friend talk to David for an hour, and you both notice the hostile comments that he repeatedly
makes about his roommate. Later, you and your friend discuss your impressions of David, and you
find that you disagree about him. Your friend thinks that David’s comments were just good-natured
joking and that he is a nice guy and a pretty funny fellow. You think that his comments were meanspirited
and that he is a hostile person. Your disagreement arises because you and your friend differ in
the ________ stage of the Realistic Accuracy Model (RAM) of personality judgment.- Adetection
- Bavailability
- Cutilization
- Djudgment
67Consider the following scenario: A courageous person rushes into a burning building to save a child.
Which of the following represents a likely reason that accurate judgment of courageousness might
fail?- AImportant cues for courageousness are not displayed by the actor.
- BThe situation doesn’t allow for the display of courageousness.
- CA judge sees the courageous act and applies that information to her judgment.
- DA judge is busy texting on his phone and fails to notice the situation.
68Consider the following scenario: A person sits quietly during a classroom lecture. Which of the
following represents the most likely reason that accurate judgment of extraversion might fail?- AImportant cues for extraversion are readily displayed.
- BThe situation doesn’t allow for the display of extraversion.
- CA judge sees no extraverted behavior and judges that the target is introverted.
- DA judge pays good attention and sees all the important behaviors.
69Consider the following scenario: A child cries for his father to take him to the park while they are at
the library. Which of the following represents a likely reason that accurate judgment of the child’s
openness to experience might fail?- AImportant cues for openness are not displayed.
- BThe situation doesn’t allow for the display of openness.
- CA judge sees the tantrum and recognizes that the information isn’t relevant.
- DA judge is highly intelligent and notices important cues.
70Which of the following is NOT one of the reasons that accuracy matters?
- APersonality judgments matter for things like promotion at our jobs.
- BYour reputation doesn’t matter much for your well-being and happiness.
- CWe can’t escape personality judgment; friends and others will form impressions of us.
- DWhen we understand people better, we have better relationships with them.
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- Psychology 150 Quiz on CHAPTER 5, created by J P on 03/12/2017.
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- J P
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