Quiz
EBM2 MST
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Questions in this quiz (200)
1Systematic Reviews are rated as the ‘highest level of evidence’ in the evidence hierarchy pyramid.
- ATrue
- BFalse
2The Cochrane Library is a database of systematic reviews and meta-‐analyses.
- ATrue
- BFalse
3Using one database to search for information is best as this ensures you don’t mix your results.
- ATrue
- BFalse
4PubMed only provides abstracts which are useful to then search for relevant studies elsewhere.
- ATrue
- BFalse
5Common Boolean logic terms consist of AND, WITH & OR
- ATrue
- BFalse
6There is no need to read the whole article because abstracts provide a complete summary of the content within.
- ATrue
- BFalse
7Searching different databases with the same terms provides the same results.
- ATrue
- BFalse
8Because they are often conducted with blinding, Randomised Control Trials (RCTs) provide the highest level of evidence. Because of this, using the filter to restrict results to only show RCTs provides you with the best evidence.
- ATrue
- BFalse
9The use of the ‘OR’ operator narrows the amount of titles found.
- ATrue
- BFalse
10‘Exploding’ a heading removes that heading from the search results.
- ATrue
- BFalse
11MeSH terms are not always picked up when entered, so it is important to check and see that relevant items are being included.
- ATrue
- BFalse
12PICO is the most reliable format for conducting a search as it highlights the keywords that can be entered into databases.
- ATrue
- BFalse
13Before using a database, it is a good idea to research the terms to find possible synonyms.
- ATrue
- BFalse
14Before using a database, it is a good idea to research the terms to find possible synonyms.
- ATrue
- BFalse
15The Cochrane Library provides access to Cochrane Systematics Reviews and to other forms of literature.
- ATrue
- BFalse
16The library subscriptions provide access to more full text articles so logging in furthers your reach for finding good evidence.
- ATrue
- BFalse
17Databases are a tool for finding information, but it is important to familiarise yourself with different databases to make searching as efficient as possible.
- ATrue
- BFalse
18Using MeSH terms searches for like-terms and increases the chances that important research is captured.
- ATrue
- BFalse
19Having a systematic approach to searching for evidence is a good way to ensure that you are not overwhelmed with information.
- ATrue
- BFalse
20P values provide clinicians and patients with the information they most need.
- ATrue
- BFalse
21Clinicians do not need to use confidence intervals to properly use research results in decision making processes.
- ATrue
- BFalse
22Narrow Confidence intervals result from a large sample size and events which provide, a definitive conclusion about recommending therapy.
- ATrue
- BFalse
23Statistical significance questions whether confidence intervals exclude the null value.
- ATrue
- BFalse
24Statistical significance is used to inform clinical significance.
- ATrue
- BFalse
25Treatments becomes clinically significant because the difference between treatments is statistically significant.
- ATrue
- BFalse
26Clinical significance can be inferred from statistical significance if P value is ≥0.05
- ATrue
- BFalse
27The P value measures the strength of the evidence that supports the null hypothesis.
- ATrue
- BFalse
28Clinical significance asks whether any of the values in the confidence interval are big enough to care about
- ATrue
- BFalse
29Huge samples create a more accurate P value.
- ATrue
- BFalse
30P values are a tool for separating real effects from chance.
- ATrue
- BFalse
31For studies with a negative result, clinicians should examine the lower boundary of the confidence interval.
- ATrue
- BFalse
32To determine if the sample size in a study is inadequate, you examine the lower boundary of the confidence interval.
- ATrue
- BFalse
33If the confidence interval overlaps the smallest treatment benefit, the study is not definitive and a larger study is needed.
- ATrue
- BFalse
34P values ≤ 0.05 indicates strong evidence against the null hypothesis with 95% certainty.
- ATrue
- BFalse
35P values ≥0.05 indicates strong evidence against the null hypothesis with 95% certainty.
- ATrue
- BFalse
36Primary sources are the best source of information to use when conduction a search.
- ATrue
- BFalse
37The PICO format is best technique used in evidenced based medicine to frame and answer for a clinical question.
- ATrue
- BFalse
38Wikipedia is one of these best databases to use.
- ATrue
- BFalse
39Combining searches is an effective way at finding relevant information to a clinical question.
- ATrue
- BFalse
40When searching a database filters narrow the search to clinically important articles.
- ATrue
- BFalse
41Databases allow you to choose which article types you want to search for.
- ATrue
- BFalse
42When searching PubMed with a single term into the search box it automatically carries out both a textword and thesaurus search.
- ATrue
- BFalse
43When having found a useful article in PubMed there is a related hyperlink that searches for similar items within the database.
- ATrue
- BFalse
44Medline is the leading resource for systemic reviews.
- ATrue
- BFalse
45The Cochrane library has a wide range of study types
- ATrue
- BFalse
46The best way to search a database is to type in your complete question
- ATrue
- BFalse
47When searching PubMed, the researcher must enter in all related terms as there is no textword or thesaurus search function
- ATrue
- BFalse
48The P in PICO stands for population/patient.
- ATrue
- BFalse
49Databases like PubMed, Medline and CINAHL allow you to search for studies within specific years.
- ATrue
- BFalse
50A good literature search shouldn’t include unpublished work and studies with negative findings.
- ATrue
- BFalse
51You only have to use 1 database when trying to answer a clinical question.
- ATrue
- BFalse
52Confidence intervals are the range within which the true treatment effect might plausibly lie, when given the trial data.
- ATrue
- BFalse
53In regards to confidence intervals, greater precision results from smaller sample sizes and small numbers of events.
- ATrue
- BFalse
54When clinicians are trying to determine whether a trial with a positive effect is sufficiently large, they should focus on the upper boundary of the confidence interval.
- ATrue
- BFalse
55A P value of equal to or less than 0.05 tells us that we can rule out the null effect/hypothesis with 95% certainty.
- ATrue
- BFalse
56P values are not usually helpful for studies with large sample sizes.
- ATrue
- BFalse
57Clinical significance asks whether any of the values in the confidence interval are big enough to care about.
- ATrue
- BFalse
58Statistical significance can be inferred from clinical significance.
- ATrue
- BFalse
59If the statistical power of a study is increased, the sample size is also increased.
- ATrue
- BFalse
60The “Number-needed-to-treat” is an estimation of the number of patients that need to be treated in order to have an impact on one person.
- ATrue
- BFalse
61Big sample sizes in trials means that small discrepancies will go undetected.
- ATrue
- BFalse
62The Pearson correlation coefficient is a measure of strength of the association between 3 variables.
- ATrue
- BFalse
63Differences in treatment groups less than the smallest effect of clinical interest are more like to be found statistically significant when the sample size is increased.
- ATrue
- BFalse
64Is it important for clinicians to think about the smallest amount of benefit that would justify therapy when examining a new study?
- ATrue
- BFalse
65In some cases, outcomes of a study and research may not be considered significant by the patients, especially if the new/changed intervention involves a considerable amount of time and effort on their behalf.
- ATrue
- BFalse
66When calculating the sample size in clinical trials, the minimum power usually recommended to have is 70% or above.
- ATrue
- BFalse
67Whenever an effect is insignificant, all values within the confidence interval will be on the same side of zero.
- ATrue
- BFalse
68Case reports are high quality literature, according to most levels of evidence
- ATrue
- BFalse
69It is not important for a researcher or clinician to know the difference between levels of evidence
- ATrue
- BFalse
70Clinical trials are always the best type of study design in medical experiments
- ATrue
- BFalse
71Exposure to confounding variables does not increase the potential risk of bias in a study design
- ATrue
- BFalse
72Systematic reviews are often unreliable sources of information and should not be relied upon for clinical decision making
- ATrue
- BFalse
73A researcher does not need to consider which study design is the most appropriate to answer their question when planning their investigation
- ATrue
- BFalse
74Sources of evidence higher on the hierarchy of evidence usually only investigate small populations of patients for a particular outcome
- ATrue
- BFalse
75Those sources higher up on the hierarchy of evidence are always superior to those below them
- ATrue
- BFalse
76Levels of evidence are a method of grading literature quality
- ATrue
- BFalse
77Debate exists about the rigidity of the hierarchy of evidence
- ATrue
- BFalse
78Different levels of evidence are appropriate for use depending on the setting and intended audience involved
- ATrue
- BFalse
79Each study design must be considered for its own strengths and weaknesses prior to selection
- ATrue
- BFalse
80Several models exist for the hierarchy of evidence
- ATrue
- BFalse
81Expert opinions are considered to be poorer quality evidence, according to most hierarchies
- ATrue
- BFalse
82The design of a study affects its position on the hierarchy of evidence
- ATrue
- BFalse
83The term 'levels of evidence' was first used and described within a 1979 report by the Canadian Health Task Force on Periodic Health Examination
- ATrue
- BFalse
84CINAHL stands for ‘Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature’.
- ATrue
- BFalse
85Systematic reviews and meta-analyses are the most reliable forms of evidence.
- ATrue
- BFalse
86Randomised controlled trials are the best form of evidence in non-synthesised medical information.
- ATrue
- BFalse
87Expert opinion has a lot of bias and is therefore located at the bottom of the hierarchy of evidence.
- ATrue
- BFalse
88Studies that limit bias to a greater extent are considered to be better sources of evidence compared to those which don’t.
- ATrue
- BFalse
89Randomised control trials aren't always practical or feasible.
- ATrue
- BFalse
90A randomised control study in which participants and researchers are blinded gives a higher level of evidence and is a more reliable source.
- ATrue
- BFalse
91Cochrane Reviews are systematic reviews of primary research in the health industry and are recognised as the highest standard and most reliable of sources in evidence-based health care resources.
- ATrue
- BFalse
92Clinical trials and cohort studies are more reliable sources than expert opinion.
- ATrue
- BFalse
93Double blinding lowers a sources evidence strength.
- ATrue
- BFalse
94Randomising participants in a randomised control study makes the study less reliable as a source.
- ATrue
- BFalse
95The levels of evidence hierarchy is very rigid and studies which are higher on the hierarchy are always better than those which are lower.
- ATrue
- BFalse
96Meta-analyses tend to have more bias than cohort studies.
- ATrue
- BFalse
97Meta-analyses tend to have more bias than case studies.
- ATrue
- BFalse
98Study design has no effect on a studies’ evidence strength.
- ATrue
- BFalse
99Expert opinion is the most reliable form of evidence.
- ATrue
- BFalse
100There are more meta-analyses available than there are randomised control studies.
- ATrue
- BFalse
101Systematic Reviews are rated as the ‘highest level of evidence’ in the evidence hierarchy pyramid.
- ATrue
- BFalse
102The Cochrane Library is a database of systematic reviews and meta-‐analyses.
- ATrue
- BFalse
103CINAHL stands for ‘ Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature’.
- ATrue
- BFalse
104The ‘C’ term within ‘PICO’ stands for comparison.
- ATrue
- BFalse
105The TRIP database has a ‘PICO’ search option, which allows users to create a structured clinical question.
- ATrue
- BFalse
106To conduct a comprehensive search more than one database should be used.
- ATrue
- BFalse
107The ‘wildcard’ symbol can be used to find words with the same stem in order to increase the scope of successful searching.
- ATrue
- BFalse
108‘MeSH’ is an indexing feature that stands for Medical Subject Headings.
- ATrue
- BFalse
109‘AND’, ‘ OR’ and ‘NOT’ are terms that should never be used while searching medical databases
- ATrue
- BFalse
110It is often only necessary to use one database, as they are all linked and have the same results.
- ATrue
- BFalse
111Cohort studies are rated as the ‘highest level of evidence’ in the evidence hierarchy
pyramid.- ATrue
- BFalse
112Randomized Control Trials often provide unreliable evidence and should be overlooked when conducting searches.
- ATrue
- BFalse
113It is always necessary to have a comparison when conducting a ‘PICO’ search.
- ATrue
- BFalse
114Conducting a thorough search should only take around half an hour.
- ATrue
- BFalse
115‘MeSH’ is the abbreviation for methanethiol and is irrelevant to the field of evidence-‐based medicine.
- ATrue
- BFalse
116Online databases are updated infrequently and as a result textbooks are often more reliable when searching for examples.
- ATrue
- BFalse
117The P in PICO stands for Patient.
- ATrue
- BFalse
118In PICO the outcome is the end point of interest to you or your patient.
- ATrue
- BFalse
119In PICO the comparison is the intervention against which the intervention is measured
- ATrue
- BFalse
120A fifth element time is often added to the PICO list.
- ATrue
- BFalse
1215. The strongest design for evaluation of a clinical question is a systematic review of multiple randomised clinical trials.
- ATrue
- BFalse
1226. You can further filter your search by language, year, or age group.
- ATrue
- BFalse
1237. Choosing the right key words and search strategy and using appropriate databases are essential starting points. 8. Advanced searching includes the use of the medical subject headings thesaurus and other strategies to refine and focus the search.
- ATrue
- BFalse
124What matters to the practitioner are the most important outcomes.
- ATrue
- BFalse
125PICO stands for Patient, Interaction, Comparison and Outcome.
- ATrue
- BFalse
126PubMed is not a credible source when researching an article.
- ATrue
- BFalse
127Using Mesh headings are irrelevant to the search strategy.
- ATrue
- BFalse
128CINAHL is not useful when studying nursing as a prime database.
- ATrue
- BFalse
129Having the same search strategy across databases is not necessary.
- ATrue
- BFalse
130Endnote is a good database when looking for a systematic review.
- ATrue
- BFalse
131When searching for a article filters are unnecessary and time consuming.
- ATrue
- BFalse
132The database for nursing and allied health studies is called CINAHL.
- ATrue
- BFalse
133The outcome in the ‘P I C O’ principle refers to patient-‐relevant consequences of the intervention.
- ATrue
- BFalse
134The AND operator is used when you wish to recall those records containing both search terms.
- ATrue
- BFalse
135The intervention in the ‘P I C O’ principle refers to the management strategy of interest.
- ATrue
- BFalse
136Medical subject headings (MeSH terms) are a controlled vocabulary device used by the National Library of Medicine to cross-‐reference every Medline article.
- ATrue
- BFalse
137The OR operator is used when at least one of the terms must appear in the record, broadening the search and increasing the number of citations received.
- ATrue
- BFalse
138The wildcard symbol can be used to find all of the words with the same stem.
- ATrue
- BFalse
139Boolean instructions, such as AND, OR, and NOT, operate within most databases and must be typed in upper case.
- ATrue
- BFalse
140Finding all relevant studies that have addressed a single question is an easy task.
- ATrue
- BFalse
141The NOT operator is used to retrieve records containing both search terms.
- ATrue
- BFalse
142PubMed does not retain previous search results on the ‘history’ function on the features bar.
- ATrue
- BFalse
143Additional terms cannot be added to an existing search, and therefore multiple searches cannot be combined.
- ATrue
- BFalse
144The population in the ‘P I C O’ principle refers to the total population in the patient’s household.
- ATrue
- BFalse
145The abstract must not be used as a ‘starting point’ to assist the reader in determining the relevance of the study.
- ATrue
- BFalse
146All research questions must contain the comparison component of the ‘P I C O’ principle.
- ATrue
- BFalse
147There is no database for psychological studies.
- ATrue
- BFalse
148Statistical significance tells us how confident we can be when an effect of an intervention is true/real.
- ATrue
- BFalse
149Statistical significance does not tell us if the impact is large enough to be implemented.
- ATrue
- BFalse
150Statistical significance is a mathematical phenomenon.
- ATrue
- BFalse
151Statistical significance depends on sample size, precision of data and effect size.
- ATrue
- BFalse
152Statistical significance looks at the 95% confidence interval.
- ATrue
- BFalse
153p values and confidence intervals (CI) are the most commonly used measures of statistical significance.
- ATrue
- BFalse
154If a small effect size is found, the treatment may not be clinically important.
- ATrue
- BFalse
155The null hypothesis is the basis for formal testing of statistical significance
- ATrue
- BFalse
156Clinical significance does not measure how large the differences in treatment effects in clinical practice.
- ATrue
- BFalse
157The 35% CI is used to measure statistical significance.
- ATrue
- BFalse
158If the sample size is large, the clinical significance will always be large.
- ATrue
- BFalse
159The higher the statistical significance the higher the clinical outcome.
- ATrue
- BFalse
160Clinical significance is not of importance to a treatment effect.
- ATrue
- BFalse
161Statistical significance equates to clinical usefulness.
- ATrue
- BFalse
162To be clinically useful, the therapy must do more harm than good.
- ATrue
- BFalse
163If a hazard ratio is less than 1,it is not statistically significant.
- ATrue
- BFalse
164When a sample size is large, differences that are minute can be detected.
- ATrue
- BFalse
165When judging clinical significance 95% confidence intervals should be considered over p-‐ values for large sample sizes.
- ATrue
- BFalse
166Clinical significant results make enough of a difference to change the method of practice.
- ATrue
- BFalse
167Clinical significance is judging whether the values in the confidence intervals are large enough to care about.
- ATrue
- BFalse
168When studies have very large sample sizes, p-‐values can be considered almost obsolete.
- ATrue
- BFalse
169Any effect no matter how small, can be seen as statistically significant if the sample size is large enough.
- ATrue
- BFalse
170A clinician should decide that the study was large enough and the confidence intervals were small enough to warrant clinical significance.
- ATrue
- BFalse
171To determine whether a positive result is clinically significant, the lower boundary of the confidence interval should be looked at.
- ATrue
- BFalse
172When a p-‐value is <0.05 the result is considered clinically significant.
- ATrue
- BFalse
173A clinical board must reach a unanimous decision to define a result as clinically significant.
- ATrue
- BFalse
174Statistical significance shows whether confidence intervals include the null value.
- ATrue
- BFalse
175Statistical p-‐values are most helpful for finding clinical significance, when looking at huge sample sizes.
- ATrue
- BFalse
176The larger a sample size is the wider a confidence interval becomes, reducing the relevance of statistical significance.
- ATrue
- BFalse
177P-‐values depend on the overall sample size, proving clinical significance with large enough numbers.
- ATrue
- BFalse
178As huge studies become more prevalent, the difference between clinical significance and statistically significance are becoming irreverent.
- ATrue
- BFalse
179Thresholds which patients would consider important in terms of treatment, can not define whether a result is clinically significant.
- ATrue
- BFalse
180RCT’s are not always practical. This may be due to ethical issues.
- ATrue
- BFalse
181An example of a retrospective study design is a case-‐control study.
- ATrue
- BFalse
182The hierarchy of evidence provides a guide towards categorising clinical research.
- ATrue
- BFalse
183Studies that limit bias to the greatest extent are higher levels of evidence.
- ATrue
- BFalse
184The first step in assessing the validity of a research study is to determine study design.
- ATrue
- BFalse
185A systematic review would be an effective trial design to research which NSAID is the least likely to cause a heart attack.
- ATrue
- BFalse
186Strengths of case reports and case series study designs are that they are cheap and relatively easy do with existing medical records.
- ATrue
- BFalse
187A limitation when using a cohort study design for rare diseases may be that there are not enough patients to be statistically or clinically significant.
- ATrue
- BFalse
188RCT’s are generally very inexpensive study designs.
- ATrue
- BFalse
189Expert opinion is a higher level of evidence than a case report.
- ATrue
- BFalse
190The strength of a case-‐control study design is that you can study a number of diseases and outcomes at any given time.
- ATrue
- BFalse
191Cohort studies are not ideal for etiology, harm or prognosis.
- ATrue
- BFalse
192Using the term 'safe' to a consumer is preferred rather than using the term 'low risk' as it gives consumer 100% confidence.
- ATrue
- BFalse
193It is not appropriate to ask a patient if there is a particular side effect they are concerned about, always list every possible side effect.
- ATrue
- BFalse
194Clinical trials never involve human experiments.
- ATrue
- BFalse
195Case reports, case series and cross-‐sectional studies are all longitudinal studies.
- ATrue
- BFalse
196Systematic reviews is used as a stronger evidence as compared to the expert opinions.
- ATrue
- BFalse
197All health professionals should use appropriate language for communication that is understandable to all level of patients.
- ATrue
- BFalse
198Visual demonstration is the convenient way to convey the health message across the patients with poor literacy level.
- ATrue
- BFalse
199It is the responsibility of the health care provider to provide the effective treatment to the patient.
- ATrue
- BFalse
200Strong research method will not only help to get the better outcomes but it also prevent from getting the misleading result, which might be harmful for the patient.
- ATrue
- BFalse
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- Description
- Just a bit of a warm up for the exam tomorrow. 30 seconds per question. True or false.
- Author
- Jack Milton
- Language
- English
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