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L33 Pancreatic islets, insulin, glucagon, and diabetes

Description

• Describe the structure and location of the pancreatic islets. • Outline the sequence of events that occurs when blood glucose concentration increases above or decreases below the reference range • Describe the effects of insulin on each type of target cell. • Compare the role of insulin and glucagon in the control of blood glucose concentration in the fed state and the fasting state. • Explain what diabetes mellitus is and distinguish between type 1 diabetes and type 2 diabetes.
Mer Scott
Quiz by Mer Scott, updated more than 1 year ago
Mer Scott
Created by Mer Scott almost 7 years ago
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Resource summary

Question 1

Question
Which statement best describes the location of the pancreas?
Answer
  • The pancreas sits under the larynx on the anterior of the trachea.
  • The pancreas sits in the abdominal cavity.
  • The pancreas sits in the C-shaped curve of the duodenum, with it's body extending behind the stomach.

Question 2

Question
The pancreas is:
Answer
  • an exocrine gland
  • an endocrine gland
  • both an exocrine and endocrine gland.

Question 3

Question
The majority of the pancreas secretes digestive enzymes.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 4

Question
(Choose all correct options.) Pancreatic islets:
Answer
  • make up 2% of the pancreas' mass
  • have 4 types of cells
  • have alpha cells which secrete insulin
  • have beta cells which secrete glucagon
  • are up to 1 million in number within the pancreas

Question 5

Question
The reference range for blood glucose is between:
Answer
  • 3.5 - 8 mmol/L
  • 3.5 - 6 mmol/L
  • 4 - 6 mmol/L
  • 5 - 10 mmol/L

Question 6

Question
Glucose is the only fuel the brain can use.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 7

Question
During the day, fuel use ([blank_start]metabolism[blank_end]) is [blank_start]continuous[blank_end], but we only eat periodically. Hence, our blood glucose level [blank_start]changes[blank_end] throughout the day. We describe the two metabolic [blank_start]states[blank_end] the body moves between as the fed state and the fasting state. In the fed state there is [blank_start]uptake[blank_end] of nutrients and [blank_start]anabolic[blank_end] metabolism taking place([blank_start]synthesis[blank_end] of glycogen, protein and fat). Vice versa, in the fasting state there is [blank_start]mobilisation[blank_end] of nutrients and [blank_start]catabolic[blank_end] metabolism taking place([blank_start]breakdown[blank_end] of glycogen, protein and fat.)
Answer
  • metabolism
  • continuous
  • changes
  • states
  • uptake
  • anabolic
  • synthesis
  • mobilisation
  • catabolic
  • breakdown

Question 8

Question
Choose the correct statements about insulin secretion.
Answer
  • Insulin is secreted by beta cells when blood glucose concentration increases above the reference range.
  • Insulin release can be a negative-feedback pathway or a feed-forward pathway.
  • Carbohydrates being broken down into glucose during digestion triggers insulin release.
  • Target cells include everything but muscle and adipose tissue.
  • The beta cells are the sensor and integrator of the system.
  • Insulin is a lipid-soluble hormone with an intracellular receptor.

Question 9

Question
Which of these is not a symptom of Type I Diabetes?
Answer
  • Hypoglycemia
  • Polyuria
  • Polydipsia
  • Polyphagia

Question 10

Question
Insulin is the only hormone that can decrease blood glucose levels.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 11

Question
Type I Diabetes is an autoimmune disease where insulin-producing alpha cells have been destroyed.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 12

Question
The first treatments of insulin were on diabetic dogs. The first treatments of insulin to people were of crude insulin attained from bovine pancreases.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 13

Question
Pure insulin can now be produced in vitro.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 14

Question
Choose the incorrect statement about Type 2 Diabetes.
Answer
  • 90% of Diabetes cases are Type 2.
  • It is becoming more prevalent in children.
  • Cells are resistant to insulin.
  • Risk factors for Type 2 are unknown.
  • Lifestyle changes can be used to treat Type 2.

Question 15

Question
(Choose all correct.) Hyperglycemia can cause:
Answer
  • Atherosclerosis (leading to heart attack, stroke)
  • Kidney Disease
  • Nerve Damage
  • Blindness
  • Muscular hypertrophy
  • Pulmonary Edema

Question 16

Question
Glucagon is a peptide hormone with intracellular receptors.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 17

Question
Glucagon causes an increase in glucose and ketone synthesis.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 18

Question
Glucagon causes a breakdown of glycogen.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 19

Question
[blank_start]Gluconeogenesis[blank_end] is the synthesis of glucose, while [blank_start]glycogenolysis[blank_end] is the breakdown of [blank_start]glycogen[blank_end]. Both are stimulated by [blank_start]glucagon[blank_end].
Answer
  • Gluconeogenesis
  • glycogenolysis
  • glucagon
  • glycogen
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