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Flashcards

Radiographic Physics- Unit 4: The X-Ray Circuit

Alex Ertmer Radiologic Technology Physics Fall 2017 English 129 cards

Cards in this deck (129)

  1. 1The study of distribution of fixed/stationary charges or electrons at rest.Electrostatics
  2. 2The process of electron charges being added or subtracted from an object (usually neutral).Electrification
  3. 3Charge is a property of ____.Matter
  4. 4Electrical charges are measured in the System International (SI) unit ____.Coulomb
  5. 5Some materials, such as copper & gold, have a very large number of electrons free to move about, making them good ____ of electricity.Conductors
  6. 6Glass & plastic have very few free electrons, making them good ____.Insulators
  7. 7What are the 5 Laws of Electrostatics?1)Repulsion/Attraction
    2)Inverse Square Law
    3)Distribution
    4)Concentration
    5)Movement
  8. 8Like charges repel each other, unlike charges attract each other.Repulsion/Attraction
  9. 9The electrostatic force between two charges is directly proportional to the product of their quantities & inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.Inverse Square Law
  10. 10Electric charges will reside only on the outside surfaces of a conductor, as they are repelling each other. ***They will reside all throughout a non-conductor.***Distribution
  11. 11The greatest ____ of charges will be on the surface where the curvature is greatest.Concentration
  12. 12Only negative charges (electrons) will move along solid conductors. **Positive charge (protons) are 2000 times heavier than electrons.**Movement
  13. 133 Methods of Electrification in Electrostatics:1)Friction
    2)Contact
    3)Induction
  14. 14Occurs when one object is rubbed against another causing one object to acquire more electrons & the other to lose electrons.Friction
  15. 15Occurs when two objects touch allowing electrons to transfer from one object to another.Contact
  16. 16Electrons transfer without any contact.Induction
  17. 17The study of electric charges in motion & what we most often consider as "electricity."Electrodynamics
  18. 18No atoms to oppose electron movement.Vacuum
  19. 19Promote the flow of electrons.Gases
  20. 20Creates a medium for electrons to migrate from one pole to another.Ionic Solutions
  21. 21Any metal that allows current flow is a conductor.Metallic Conductors
  22. 22Pathway that permits electron movement from one point, through a wire, & then back to that point.Electric Circuit
  23. 23_____ creates a separation of charges & the exposure factors the radiographer selects on the control panel to determine the # of electrons that will flow & the magnitude of their attraction to the positive side.X-ray tube
  24. 24The ability to do work due to a separation of charges.Electric Potential
  25. 25What is the unit of measure for electric potential?Volt
  26. 26An expression of the flow of electrons in a conductor.Current
  27. 27Unit of measure for a current.Ampere
  28. 28The property of an element in a circuit that resists or impedes the flow of electricity.Resistance
  29. 29What's the unit of measure for resistance?Ohm
  30. 30____ is defined as the potential difference that will maintain a current of 1 ampere in a circuit with a resistance of 1 ohm.Volt
  31. 31The ___ is defined as 1 coulomb flowing by a given point in 1 second.Ampere
  32. 32Electrons always move from the point of ____ concentrations to lowest.Highest
  33. 33-Flows only in one direction -Example: BatteriesDirect Current (DC)
  34. 34-Changes direction in cycles as the electric potential of the source changes. -Example: The electricity in homes in the United States.Alternating Current (AC)
  35. 35Both ___ & ___ are used in basic x-ray production.Alternating Current (AC) & Direct Current (DC)
  36. 36Defined as the quantity, or number, or electrons flowing per second.Current
  37. 37Defined as the force with which the electrons travel through the circuit.Potential Difference
  38. 38Defined as the amount of opposition to the current in the circuit.Resistance
  39. 39The mathematical relationship between current, potential difference, & resistance.Ohm's Law
  40. 40Materials with an abundance of free electrons that allow a relatively free flow of electricity. (Gold, Copper)Conductors
  41. 41Materials made up of atoms with tightly bound electrons that do not conduct electricity well even when attracted by a potential difference. (Glass/Rubber/Plastic)Insulators
  42. 42Materials that will conduct electricity but not as well as conductors & that will insulate but not as well as insulators. (Silicone)Semiconductors
  43. 43The ____ (Longer/Shorter) the conductor, the more resistance.Longer/More
  44. 44___ ___ states that the potential difference (voltage) across the total circuit or any part of that circuit is equal to the current (amperes) multiplied by the resistance.Ohm's Law
  45. 45The (larger/smaller) ____ the diameter, the less resistance.Larger
  46. 46A closed (complete) pathway for electricity is required for electricity to flow.Closed Circuit
  47. 47An open (Broken) pathway, such as occurs when a switch is turned off.Open Circuit
  48. 48Circuit elements are wired along a single conductor.Series Circuit
  49. 49Circuit elements "bridge" or branch across a conductor.Parallel Circuit
  50. 50Produces electrons through a chemical reaction, stores an electric charge long term, & provides an electric potential.Battery
  51. 51Temporarily stores an electric charge.Capacitor
  52. 52A "one-way valve" device, allows electrons to flow in one direction.Diode
  53. 53The ____ in Ohm's is equal to the sum of each separate resistor.Total Resistance
  54. 54The ____ equals the sum of each separate voltage for resistor.Total Voltage
  55. 55____ across each resistor equals the current times the individual resistor.Voltage
  56. 56In a series circuit, the ___ stays the same..Current
  57. 57In a parallel circuit, the ___ stays the same.Voltage
  58. 58The process of connecting an electrical device to the earth via a conductor.Grounding
  59. 59Ability of a material to attract iron, cobalt, nickel.Magnetism
  60. 60The nature of magnetic materials is that the orbital electrons of their atoms spin in predominately ____ direction.One
  61. 61A magnetic field consists of lines of force in space.Flux
  62. 62Inside the magnetic, the flux goes from ____ to ____ direction when there is a Direct Current.South to North
  63. 63Outside the magnet, the flux goes from ____ to ____ direction when there is a direct current.North to South
  64. 64The 3 Laws of Magnetism1) Every magnet has a north/South Pole.
    2)Like poles repel each other & opposite poles attract each other.
    3)The force & attraction or repulsion varies directly with the strength of the poles & inversely with the square of the distance between them.
  65. 65The 3 Types of Magnets:1)Natural
    2)Artificial
    3)Electromagnets
  66. 66The strength of the magnetic field is measured in the SI unit ___.Tesla (T)
  67. 67Examples of nonmagnetic materials that are not attracted to the magnetic field?Glass
    Wood
    Plastic
  68. 68Examples of diamagnetic materials that are weakly repelled by magnetic fields.Water
    Mercury
    Gold
  69. 69Examples of Paramagnetic materials that are weakly attracted to magnetic field.Platinum
    Gadolinium
    Aluminum
  70. 70Examples of Ferrimagnetic materials that are strongly attracted magnetic materials.Iron
    Cobalt
    Nickel
  71. 71Magnetic materials that are: -High Permeability -Magnetic Materials -Iron, Nickel, Cobolt -Highly susceptible to induction.Ferromagnetic Materials
  72. 72-Low Permeability -Platinum & Aluminum -Weak attraction to magnetic fieldsParamagnetic Materials
  73. 73-Weakly repelled by magnetic fields -Beryllium, Bismuth, Lead, & WaterDiamagnetic Materials
  74. 74-Not attracted by a magnet -CANNOT be magnetized -Wood, plastic, glass -Most materials on non-magnetic.Non-Magnetic Materials
  75. 75Electricity & Magnetism are two parts of the same basic force. -Any flow of electrons, whether in space or in a conductor, will be surrounded by a magnetic field. -A moving field can create an electric current.Electromagnetism
  76. 76Devices that convert some form of mechanical energy into electrical energy.Electric Generators
  77. 77Moving conductor through a magnetic field induces an electric current in that conductor.Electromagnetic Induction
  78. 78Process by which a magnetic field induces a current in the same wire & created a resistance within the circuit.Self-Induction
  79. 79Coverts electrical to mechanical energy through electromagnetic induction.Motors
  80. 80What devices controls electrical voltage & current?-Transformers
    -Autotransformers
    -Capacitors
  81. 81A step-up transformer (Increases/Decreases) ____. voltage.Increases
  82. 82A step-down transformer (Increases/Decreases) ____ voltage.Decreases
  83. 83Types of transformers:-Air Core
    -Open Core
    -Closed Core
    -Shell Type
  84. 84The x-ray circuit may be divided into 3 sections:1) Primary Circuit
    2) Secondary Circuit
    3) Filament Circuit
  85. 85The main power switch is simply an on-off switch for the unit & is connected to the power supply of the facility.Primary Circuit
  86. 86Device usually wired to the autotransformer that automatically adjusts the power supplied to the x-ray machine to 220 volts.Line Compensator
  87. 87Protect against short circuits & electric shock.Circuit Breakers
  88. 88An adjustable transformer controlled by the kilovolt peak (kVp) elector on the control panel.Autotransformer
  89. 89Primary & secondary coils are filled with an iron core to increase the strength of the magnetic field.Open Core
  90. 90Two coils of wire in proximity to facilitate induction.Air Core
  91. 91Closing the core by placing a top & bottom on the iron cores.Closed Core
  92. 92Consists of the secondary side of the step-up transformer, the mA meter, a rectifier bank, & the X-ray tube.Secondary Circuit
  93. 93Consists of rheostat, a step-down transformer, & the filaments.Filament Circuit
  94. 94Rectifier changes the ___ to ___.AC & DC
  95. 95This increases the heating capacity of the X-ray tube thus permitting larger exposures.Rectifier/Diode
  96. 96Back-up mAs should at least be set at ____%.150%
  97. 97When using the AEC, you should only be adjusting the ___ on the control panel.kVp
  98. 98____ always flow from cathode to anode.Electrons
  99. 99The diodes permit the flow of the electrons from cathode to anode through the X-ray tube. (HALFWAVE RECTIFICATION)Positive Half
  100. 100The diodes suppress the negative half of the AC cycle by acting as a non-conductor or an open switch & this prevents the electrons from flowing toward the anode. (HALFWAVE RECTIFICATION)Negative Half
  101. 101Current will flow through a rectifier then the tube, then another rectifier to the secondary of the transformer. (FULLWAVE RECTIFIER)Positive Half
  102. 102The current reverses & will flow through the rectifiers that were not used during the positive half of the cycle & also through the tube. (FULLWAVE RECTIFIER)Negative Half
  103. 103When four rectifiers are used, ___wave rectification is achieved.Fullwave
  104. 104The final & last section to the x-ray circuit.Filament Circuit
  105. 105The second part of the x-ray circuit.Secondary Circuit
  106. 106___ phase allows the potential difference to drop to zero with every change in direction of the current flow.Single Phase
  107. 107In a ___ wave rectifier circuit, this means the X-ray tube is experiencing no potential difference & is producing no x-ray photon 120 times every sec.Fullwave
  108. 108The amount of fluctuation in the voltage of the power to an x-ray machine. For x-ray machines, the less ripple, the better.Voltage Ripple
  109. 109Supplies power to the X-ray tube so that the filament supplies enough electrons by the thermionic emission.Filament Circuit
  110. 110Supplies power to the X-ray tube so that x-rays are produced.Main Part of X-ray Circuit
  111. 111The switch that generates the power to the X-ray tube.Main Switch
  112. 112A remote control device that permits current flow through the circuit.Exposure Switch
  113. 113Device used to end the exposure at an accurately measured preset time.Timer
  114. 114This is where the alternating current comes from to power the circuitMain Breaker
  115. 115This is where you adjust the kVp for the exposure.Autotransformer
  116. 116This part of the circuit stops the exposure.Timer Circuit
  117. 117This transformer bumps the voltage up so that the X-ray tube has a very high voltage to make the electrons have enough energy to form x-rays.High-Voltage Step-Up Transformer
  118. 118This makes the current only go in one direction through the X-ray tube.Four-Diode Rectification Circuit
  119. 119This variable resistor adjusts the current going to the filament.Filament Circuit Variable Resistor
  120. 120This transformer steps the voltage down & therefore the current up.Filament Step-Down Transformer
  121. 121This is where the x-rays are created.X-ray tube
  122. 122This rotates the anode.Rotor Stator
  123. 123Suppresses the negative to protect the X-ray tube. Only used in dental.Single Phase One-Pulse (Halfwave Rectified)
  124. 124Reverses negative pulses to make the positive. Reduces exposure time by 1/2Single Phase Two Pulse (Fullwave Rectified)
  125. 125Six pulses per cycle. A lot more output.Three Phase Six Pulse
  126. 126Twelve Pulses per cycle. The greater photon output has greater (higher) energy. Even more outputThree Has Twelve Pulse
  127. 127Greatest output Lowest Dose to pt. High energy & short exposure timesHigh Frequency
  128. 128When four rectifiers are used:Full-wave Rectification is achieved
  129. 129—

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Fall 2017 Radiologic Technology Physics Flashcards on Radiographic Physics- Unit 4: The X-Ray Circuit, created by Alex Ertmer on 27/09/2017.
Created by
Alex Ertmer · Sep 2017
Updated
Oct 11, 2017
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