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HSC 147 - Human Growth and Development - Chapter 2
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- 1What is Theory?Coherent set of logically related concepts that seeks to organize, explain, and predict data.
- 2What is Hypothesis?Possible explanations of phenomena, used to predict the outcome of research
- 3Is Development Active or Reactive? What is the Mechanistic Model?Model that views human development as a series of predictable responses to stimuli.
- 4Is Development Active or Reactive? What is the Organismic Model?Model that views human development as internally initiated by an active organism and as occurring in a sequence of qualitatively different stages.
- 5What is Quantitative Change?Changes in number or amount, such as height, weight, size of vocabulary, or frequency of communication.
- 6What is Qualitative Change?Discontinuous changes in kid, structure, or organization.
- 7What are the five theoretical perspectives of human development?1. Psychoanalytic
2. Learning
3. Cognitive
4. Contextual
5. Evolutionary/Sociobiological - 8What is the Psychoanalytical perspective?View of human development as shaped by unconscious forces that motivate human behavior.
Originated by Sigmund Freud - 9What is Psychosexual Development?In Freudian theory, an unvarying sequence of stages of childhood personality development in which gratification shifts from the mouth to the anus and genitals.
ID, ego, superego - 10What are Oedipus and Electra Complexes?Freud's psychosexual theory says children are sexually attracted to opposite-sex parent.
- 11What is Psychosocial Development?In Erikson's eight-stage theory, the socially and culturally influenced process of development of the ego or self.
- 12What is the Learning Perspective?View of human development that holds that changes in behavior result from experience or from adaption to the environment.
- 13What are the stages of Freud's theory of Psychosexual Development?1. Oral (birth-18mo)
2. Anal (18mo - 3yrs)
3. Phalic (3-6)
4. Latency (6-puberty)
5. Genital (Puberty-Adult) - 14What are the stages of Psychosocial Development Theory?1. Basic Trust vs Mistrust (birth-18mo)
2. Autonomy vs. Shame (18mo -3yr)
3. Initiative vs. Guilt (3-6)
4. Industry vs. inferiority (6-puberty)
5. Identity vs. Identity Confusion (pbty)
6. Intimacy vs. Isolation (adult)
7. Generatvity vs. Stagnation
8. Integrity vs. Despair - 15What are the stages of Cognitive Development Theory?1. Sensorimotor (Birth-2yrs)
2. Preoperational (2-7)
3. Concrete Operations (7-11)
4. Formal Operations (11-adult) - 16What is Learning Perspective?View of Human Development that holds that changes in behavior result from experience or from adaption to the environment.
- 17What is Behaviorism?Learning theory that emphasizes the predictability role of environment in causing observable behavior.
- 18What is Classical Conditioning?Learning based on associating a stimulus that does not ordinarily elicit a response with another stimulus that does elicit response.
Ivan Pavlov - 19What is Operant Conditioning?Learning based on association of behavior with its consequences.
B.F. Skinner - 20What is Reinforcement?The process by which a behavior is strengthen, increasing the likelihood that the behavior will be repeated.
- 21What is Punishment?The process by which a behavior is weakened, decreasing the likelihood of repetition.
- 22What is Behavior Modification?A deliberate form of operant conditioning that is used to eliminate undesirable behavior.
- 23What is Social Learning Theory?Theory that behaviors are learned by observing and imitating models. Also called social cognitive theory.
- 24What is Reciprocal Determinism?Bandura's term for bidirectional forces that affect development.
- 25What is Observational Learning?Learning through watching the behavior of others.
- 26What is Self-efficacy?Sense of one's capability to master challenges and achieve goals. (Confidence)
- 27What is Cognitive Perspective?View that thought processes are central to development.
- 28What is Cognitive-stage Theory?Piaget's theory that children's cognitive development advances in a series of four stages involving qualitatively distinct types of mental operations.
- 29What is Organization? (Cognitive-stage Theory)Piaget's term for the creation of categories or systems of knowledge.
- 30What are Schemes (Cognitive-stage Theory)Piaget's term for organized patterns of through and behavior used in particular situations.
- 31What is Adaption? (Cognitive-stage Theory)Piaget's term for adjustment to new information about the environment, achieved through processes of assimilation into an existing cognitive structure.
- 32What is Assimilation? (Cognitive-stage Theory)Piaget's term for incorporation of new information into an existing cognitive structure.
- 33What is Accommodation? (Cognitive-stage Theory)Piaget's term for changes in cognitive structure to include new information.
- 34What is Equilibration? (Cognitive-stage Theory)Piaget's term for the tendency to seek a stable balance among cognitive elements; achieved through a balance between assimilation and accommodation.
- 35What is Sociocultural Theory?Lev Vygotsky's theory of how contextual factors affect children's development.
- 36What is the Zone of Proximal Development? (ZPD) (Sociocultural Theory)Vygotsky's term for the difference between what a child can do alone and what the child can do with help.
- 37What is Scaffolding? (Sociocultural Theory)Temporary support to help a child master a task.
- 38What is the Information-Processing Approach?Approach to the study of cognitive development by observing and analyzing the mental processes involved in perceiving and handling information.
- 39What are Neo-Paigetian Theories?Integration of Piaget's Sociocultural Theory with Information-Processing Approach.
- 40What is Bioecological Theory?Bronfebrenner's approach to understanding processes and contexts of human development that identifies five levels of environmental influence.
- 41What are the five levels of environmental influence in the Bioecological Theory?1. Chronosystem - Dimension of time
2. Macrosystem - Economic/Political
3. Exosystem - Community/Opportunities
4. Mesosystem - Interlocking of systems
5. Microsystem - Family/Friends - 42What is the Evolutionary/Sociobiological Perspective?View of human development that focuses on evolutionary and biological bases of behavior.
- 43What is Ethology?Study of distinctive adaptive behaviors of species and animals that have evolved to increase survival of species.
- 44What is Evolutionary Psychology?Application of Darwinian principles of natural selection and survival of the fittest to individual behavior.
- 45What is Quantitative Research?Research that deals with objectively measurable data.
- 46What is Qualitative Research?Research that focuses on non-numerical data such as subjective experiences, feelings, or beliefs.
- 47What are the 6 steps of the Scientific Method?1. Identification of problem
2. Formulation of hypothesis
3. Collection of data
4. Statistical Analysis of data
5. Formation of tentative conclusion
6. Dissemination of findings. - 48What is a sample?Group of participants chosen to represent the entire population under study.
- 49What is a Random Selection?Selection of sample in such a way that each person in a population has an equal and independent chance of being chosen.
- 50Name 4 types of Self-Reports? (Methods of Data Collection)Interviews, Diaries, Visual Techniques, Questionnaires.
- 51What are the 2 forms of Observation? (Methods of Data Collection)Naturalistic and Laboratory
- 52What is Naturalistic Observation? (Methods of Data Collection)Research method in which behavior is studied in a natural setting without manipulation or intervention.
- 53What is Laboratory Observation? (Methods of Data Collection)Research method in which all participants are observed under the same controlled conditions.
- 54What are behavioral and Performance Measures? (Methods of Data Collection)For quantitative research, objective measures are used.
- 55What is Operational Definition? (Methods of Data Collection)Definition stated solely in terms of the operations or procedures used to produce or measure a phenomenon.
- 56What is Cognitive Neuroscience? (Methods of Data Collection)Study of links between neural processes and cognitive abilities.
- 57What is a Case Study? (Basic Research Designs)Study of a single subject, such as an individual or family.
- 58What is a Ethnographic Study? (Basic Research Designs)In-depth study of a culture, which uses a combination of methods including participant observation.
- 59What is Participant Observation? (Basic Research Designs)Research method in which the observer lives with the people or participates in the activity being observed.
- 60What is a Correlation Study? (Basic Research Designs)Research design intended to discover whether a statistical relationship between variables exists.
- 61What is a Experiment? (Basic Research Designs)Rigorously controlled, replicable procedure in which the researcher manipulates variables to assess the effect of one on another.
- 62What is a Control Group? (Basic Research Designs)In an experiment, a group of people, similar to those in the experimental group, who do not receive the treatment under study.
- 63What is a Independent Variable? (Basic Research Designs)In an experiment, the condition over which the experimenter has direct control.
- 64What is a Dependent Variable? (Basic Research Designs)In an experiment, the condition that may or may not change as a result of chances in the independent variable.
- 65What is a Cross-Sectional Study? (Basic Research Designs)Study designed to asses age-related difference, in which people of different ages are assessed on one occasion.
- 66What is a Longitudinal Study? (Basic Research Designs)Study to assess age changes in a sample over time.
- 67What is a Sequential Study? (Basic Research Designs)A study design that combines cross-sectional and longitudinal techniques.
- 68What are the 6 APA guidelines for ethical research?1. Informed Consent
2. Avoidance of Deception
3. Protection: Harm, Loss, Dignity
4. Privacy and Confidentiality
5. Right to Decline or Withdraw
6. Correct Undesirable Effects. - 69What are the 3 guiding principles to resolve ethical dilemmas in research?1. Beneficene - Maximize benefit
2. Respect for Participants Autonomy
3. Justice - Inclusion of groups who may be impacted.
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- Washtenaw Community College Human Growth and Development Textbook: Experience Human Development 12th Edition Papalia & Feldman
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