Flashcards
Biology Paper 2 - Jogger notes
Cards in this deck (22)
- 1MutationsOccur when the chromosome does not copy itself properly.
They are spontaneous - 2MutationA rare, random change in the organism's DNA that can be inherited
- 3CarcinogenChemicals that can increase chances of mutations, which can cause cancer, by making the cells divide uncontrollably
- 4PrecipitationWhen water falls from clouds, this can be in form of rain, sleet or snow
- 5DecomposersThey break down the proteins in animal waste, animals, and plants, into ammonia, which is a nitrogen compound
- 6Difference between nitrifying bacteria, and nitrogen fixing bacteriaNitrifying bacteria converts ammonia in decaying matter into nitrates
Nitrogen fixing bacteria converts nitrogen in air into nitrates that plants can use - 7FermentersUsed for industrial scale production of microbial products
- 8Fermenter decriptionLarge containers
- 9Conditions of fermentersDesigned to increase product yield as much as possible
- 10Use of superheated steamTo kill any microorganisms-vessels are sterilised between uses with this
- 11Why do microorganisms decrease product yield?Because they contaminate the product, and they compete with the lactobacillus bacteria for nutrients for growth
- 12Why must pH be monitored?To keep optimum pH for maximum yield and fast rate of reaction
- 13Aceptic and abioticSterile, and non living- ecosystems consist of the organisms and the abiotic conditions in an area, like light, temp, pH of soil
- 14Why is it important that air cannot get into fermenters used in production of beer?So that the yeast ferment the sugar ANaerobically, to produce ethanol
- 15Why do you pasteurise milk and beer?To kill off the microoganisms, and to kill off any yeast so that fermentation completely stops.
Beer tastes better when unpasteurised and aged in right conditions, but big breweries pasteurise beer as there is a risk unpasteurised beer will spoil - 16Transgenic organismsThese organisms contain a gene from a different species in their DNA-like transgenic bacteria such as bacteria with the gene for human insulin
- 17GeneCode for a particular protein
A gene is a section of a molecule of DNA - 18How can gm be used in medicine?You can genetically modify the DNA of cows and goats by inserting the human genes for making useful proteins in them, so that they produce medicine in their milk . For example, human antibodies can be used in therapy to treat some cancers, and multiple sclerosis, and arthritis.
- 19Iris reflexIn bright light, circular muscles contract, so radial relax, and pupils constrict
- 20AccomodationHow the eye focuses light by changing the shape of the lens
To look at distant objects, cilary muscles relax, suspensory ligaments pull tight, and lens becomes thin - 21Why do old people need reading glasses?Because, as you get older, your lens loses flexibility so it cannot easily spring back into a round shape to focus on near objects, so reading glasses are necessary to focus the light
- 22Short sighted peopleProblem: either the eyeball is too long, or the cornea or lens bends light to much
Result: image is brought into focus in front of the retina.
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- These contain everything for paper 2, but some paper 2 can be found in biology IGCSE flashcards, so use both before exam
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- dayna.tohidi8787
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