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Dental public health X (100 Flash cards)

ACAPUN INSTITUTE Flashcards: Dental public health Praxis Spanish 100 cards

Dental public health X (100 Flash cards)

Cards in this deck (100)

  1. 1What is standard deviation?> Square root of the variance
    > Represents average deviation from the mean
    > Larger SD = farther from the mean and v.v.
    > Useful to compare sets of data w/ same mean but a different range    What is standard deviation?
  2. 2What kind of data display can you use for categorical data?Pie Chart.
    Nominal variables.    What kind of data display can you use for categorical data?
  3. 3Self-reports are subject to what kind of bias?Recall bias.Self-reports are subject to what kind of bias?
  4. 4When would you use parametric inferential statistics?When data is on interval or ratio scale.
    > T-tests (paired, independent)
    > ANOVA
    > Correlations
    > Regression analysis    When would you use parametric inferential statistics?
  5. 5Which type of study design is considered the "gold standard" for evaluating a new treatment?Clinical Trial.Which type of study design is considered the "gold standard" for evaluating a new treatment?
  6. 6What are some disadvantages of a cross-sectional study?> Data from 1 point in time
    > No info on temporal relationships
    > No info on change over time
    > No causality    What are some disadvantages of a cross-sectional study?
  7. 7What are some advantages of cross-sectional studies?Quick and easy to perform!What are some advantages of cross-sectional studies?
  8. 8What are some advantages of cohort studies?> Can study many diseases and risk factors
    > Secondary outcomes    What are some advantages of cohort studies?
  9. 9What are some disadvantages of cohort studies?> Time consuming and $$ (esp. prospective)
    > Only used for common diseases
    > Loss of follow-up
    > Survivor bias
    > Can't control data collection/quality (retrospective)    What are some disadvantages of cohort studies?
  10. 10Define the mean, median and mode.Mean: average
    Median: middle value, 50th percentile
    Mode: most frequently occurring score    Define the mean, median and mode.
  11. 11What is bimodal distribution?Distribution with 2 different peaks, 2 distinct values that measurements center around.What is bimodal distribution?
  12. 12Compare/contrast descriptive and inferential statistics.Descriptive: describes the sample, summarizes who is in the sample.
    Inferential: infer things about population based on sample.    Compare/contrast descriptive and inferential statistics.
  13. 13With data skewed to the right; > Is most data to the left or right of the middle? > Is the mean, or median larger? > Is it positively, or negatively skewed?- LEFT of the middle
    - Mean > Median
    - Positively skewed    With data skewed to the right; > Is most data to the left or right of the middle? > Is the mean, or median larger? > Is it posit...
  14. 14With data skewed to the left; > Is most data to the left or right of the middle? > Is the mean, or median larger? > Is it positively, or negatively skewed?- RIGHT of the middle
    - Median > Mean
    - Negatively skewed    With data skewed to the left; > Is most data to the left or right of the middle? > Is the mean, or median larger? > Is it positi...
  15. 15Which p-value is significant? (a) p = 0.32 (b) p = 3.2 (c) p = 0.03 (d) p = 0.70 (e) p = 0.07(c) p = 0.03 (3/100 due to chance)
    (e) p = 0.07 is border-line    Which p-value is significant? (a) p = 0.32 (b) p = 3.2 (c) p = 0.03 (d) p = 0.70 (e) p = 0.07
  16. 16Compare/contrast positive and negative correlations.POSITIVE: both variables move in the same direction. Example; height and weight
    NEGATIVE: inverse. Variables move in opposite directions. Example; # of years playing golf and golf score.    Compare/contrast positive and negative correlations.
  17. 17What does a low standard deviation mean? What does a high standard deviation mean?LOW: values are close to mean (not spread out)
    HIGH: values are very spread out around mean    What does a low standard deviation mean? What does a high standard deviation mean?
  18. 18What is meant by double-blind, randomized and controlled?DOUBLE-BLIND: neither subject nor experimenter know which groups the subjects are assigned to
    RANDOMIZED: subjects are randomly assigned to a testing or control group
    CONTROLLED: group that is given a placebo or some other Tx that is not the experimental one.    What is meant by double-blind, randomized and controlled?
  19. 19What does an Odds Ratio of 1.0 mean? < 1.0? > 1.0?1.0 = no difference between groups (even odds)
    < 1.0 = protective effect (less likely)
    > 1.0 = increased risk    What does an Odds Ratio of 1.0 mean? &lt; 1.0? &gt; 1.0?
  20. 20What does a Confidence Interval that include 1.0 mean? What about a CI that doesn't include 1.0?CI including 1.0 = not significant. At some point, there is even odds.
    CI excluding 1.0 = significant    What does a Confidence Interval that include 1.0 mean? What about a CI that doesn't include 1.0?
  21. 21A pop of people who chewed xylitol gum during pregnancy were tested for early childhood caries. 75 had ECC, 3400 did not. What is the incidence rate of ECC in those that chewed xylitol gum? *ACTIVITY Q*(75 / 3475) x 100 = 2.2%A pop of people who chewed xylitol gum during pregnancy were tested for early childhood caries. 75 had ECC, 3400 did not. What is the inc...
  22. 22When would you use a Chi Square Test?> When the DV is nominal or ordinal
    > Categorical outcome (not continuous)
    > Compares >2 groups on frequency (or rates) to see if differences are due to chance or not    When would you use a Chi Square Test?
  23. 23What is the type of rate that applies to an entire population?Crude rate.What is the type of rate that applies to an entire population?
  24. 24What is the type of rate that is calculated after the population has been divided into groups based on particular characteristics?Stratified rate.What is the type of rate that is calculated after the population has been divided into groups based on particular characteristics?
  25. 25What is the type of rate that has been modified to control for the effects of some variable? (usually age)Adjusted rate.What is the type of rate that has been modified to control for the effects of some variable? (usually age)
  26. 26A researcher is comparing whether men or woman have more dental anxiety using a 1 - 10 scale. What statistical test would you use to make a comparison?Independent t-test because there are 2 independent groups of people (F v. M)A researcher is comparing whether men or woman have more dental anxiety using a 1 - 10 scale. What statistical test would you use to make...
  27. 27A researcher is interested in the effects of oral hygiene education on oral health knowledge. A pre and post-test are assessed. What type of statistical technique would the researcher use?Paired t-test.
    Same group, 2 different times.    A researcher is interested in the effects of oral hygiene education on oral health knowledge. A pre and post-test are assessed. What type...
  28. 28When doing a paired t-test, what p-value is considered significant?p-value < 0.05
    Meaning, observed difference between pre and post-test would have occurred by chance less than 5x/100.    When doing a paired t-test, what p-value is considered significant?
  29. 29When doing a paired t-test, is a larger or a smaller p-value better?SMALLER. Less likely that results were due to chance.When doing a paired t-test, is a larger or a smaller p-value better?
  30. 30When would you use a paired t-test?When you're testing the same, single group at 2 different times. Example; a pre/post-test study design.When would you use a paired t-test?
  31. 31What does a correlation coefficient (r) of 0 mean? r = +1? r = -1?r = 0 --> no relationship (uncorrelated)
    r = -1 --> strong negative correlation
    r = +1 --> strong positive correlation    What does a correlation coefficient (r) of 0 mean? r = +1? r = -1?
  32. 32What is shared common variance? (r^2)The proportion of variation in y explained by x (& v.v.)
    r2 = 0 --> no correlation
    r2 = 1 --> 100% correlation    What is shared common variance? (r^2)
  33. 33What are 2 examples of non-parametric inferential statistics?- Chi square analysis
    - Logistic regression
    >> Odds ratios
    >> Confidence intervals
    *Used when DV is nominal or ordinal*    What are 2 examples of non-parametric inferential statistics?
  34. 34When would you use non-parametric inferential statistics?When the dependent variable is nominal or ordinal.When would you use non-parametric inferential statistics?
  35. 35What are the underlying assumptions of analysis of variance?> Continuous outcome data
    > Interval scale (or ratio)
    > Data is normally distributed
    > Variances are = within each group    What are the underlying assumptions of analysis of variance?
  36. 36When would you use an ANOVA statistic?When comparing the mean values on a variable for > 2 groups simultaneously. Does not tell where the differences lies, however.When would you use an ANOVA statistic?
  37. 37When would you use a repeated measures ANOVA?When you have repeated measures (>2) of the dependent variable (outcome) over time in the same group of people.
    Ex; when investigating changes in mean scores at 3 different times, or under 3 different conditions.    When would you use a repeated measures ANOVA?
  38. 38Define ANCOVA."Analysis of Covariance"
    It's an ANOVA that takes into account confounders (adjusts for confounders). You statistically remove the variability between groups due to the confounder.    Define ANCOVA.
  39. 39When would you use a non-parametric inferential statistic?When your dependent variable is categorical.
    i.e. discrete data, limited set of values, qualitative, yes/no data    When would you use a non-parametric inferential statistic?
  40. 40If you wanted to compare 2 groups on rates of obesity, what statistical technique would you use?Chi square analysis.If you wanted to compare 2 groups on rates of obesity, what statistical technique would you use?
  41. 41If you wanted to examine the association between 2 independent variables and a dichotomous outcome (DV), what technique would you use? *ACTIVITY Q*Logistic Regression.
    Categorical in nature.    If you wanted to examine the association between 2 independent variables and a dichotomous outcome (DV), what technique would you use? *A...
  42. 42An odds ratio of less than 1.0 (ex. 0.67) means there is; > No difference b/w groups > Protective effect > Increased riskProtective effect.An odds ratio of less than 1.0 (ex. 0.67) means there is; &gt; No difference b/w groups &gt; Protective effect &gt; Increased risk
  43. 43An odds ratio of 1.0 means there is; > No difference b/w groups > Protective effect > Increased riskNo difference between the groups.
    Equal odds.    An odds ratio of 1.0 means there is; &gt; No difference b/w groups &gt; Protective effect &gt; Increased risk
  44. 44An odds ratio of more than 1.0 means there is; > No difference b/w groups > Protective effect > Increased riskAn increased risk.An odds ratio of more than 1.0 means there is; &gt; No difference b/w groups &gt; Protective effect &gt; Increased risk
  45. 45Which odds ratio is significant? (a) OR 1.42 (CI = 0.98 - 1.68) (b) OR 0.87 (CI = 0.64 - 1.01) (c) OR 1.20 (CI = 1.08 - 1.40) (d) OR 3.26 (CI = 0.97 - 4.78)(c) OR 1.20 (CI = 1.08 - 1.40)
    *The only one that does not include 1.0    Which odds ratio is significant? (a) OR 1.42 (CI = 0.98 - 1.68) (b) OR 0.87 (CI = 0.64 - 1.01) (c) OR 1.20 (CI = 1.08 - 1.40) (d) OR 3.26...
  46. 46Describe ordinal scales.> Ordered categories
    > Distance b/w categories is unequal
    > Ex; 1st, 2nd and 3rd place
    > Ex; mild/mod./severe Perio disease    Describe ordinal scales.
  47. 47In what sort of study are you most likely to have survivor bias or loss to follow up?Cohort study.
    Ex; a cohort of cancer subjects. Those that don't survive, and those that fail to follow-up can distort results.    In what sort of study are you most likely to have survivor bias or loss to follow up?
  48. 48What type of information can you get from categorical data?> Rates
    > Frequencies
    Categorical data is discrete, qualitative, with limited set of values (yes/no data). Ex; in a sample of 150 people, 10% (15) have diabetes    What type of information can you get from categorical data?
  49. 49Describe the mean, median and mode of normal distribution.They occur at the same score.Describe the mean, median and mode of normal distribution.
  50. 50The association of coffee consumption with memory in women has a positive correlation, but a negative correlation in men. This is an example of: > Stratification > Synergism > Confounding > InteractionInteraction (i.e. Effect Modification)The association of coffee consumption with memory in women has a positive correlation, but a negative correlation in men. This is an exam...
  51. 51Name 3 measures of central tendency.1. Mean
    2. Median
    3. Mode    Name 3 measures of central tendency.
  52. 52What advantage does the median have over the mean?The median is less sensitive to outliers.What advantage does the median have over the mean?
  53. 53What are 2 measures that show the dispersion of data points around the mean?1. Variance
    2. Standard Deviation    What are 2 measures that show the dispersion of data points around the mean?
  54. 54An investigator wishes to compare the # of new caries in the past year in children who do and don't have sealants. Which statistical technique would you use? > Correlations > ANOVA > Independent t-test > Paired t-testIndependent t-test.
    2 groups; those with sealants & those without.    An investigator wishes to compare the # of new caries in the past year in children who do and don't have sealants. Which statistical tech...
  55. 55An investigator assesses the oral health knowledge of a sample of teachers, then does an intervention, and 6 months later re-evaluates their knowledge. Which statistical technique would you use? > Correlations > ANOVA > Independent t-test > Paired t-testPaired t-test.
    Same sample group, 2 different times.
    Pre/Post-test design.    An investigator assesses the oral health knowledge of a sample of teachers, then does an intervention, and 6 months later re-evaluates th...
  56. 56An investigator wants to compare rates of ECC between parents with a high-school education vs. those with a college education. What statistical technique would you use? > Correlations > Chi-square analysis > Independent t-test > ANOVAChi-Square Analysis.
    Categorical data, comparing rates.    An investigator wants to compare rates of ECC between parents with a high-school education vs. those with a college education. What stati...
  57. 57T/F Fluoridation of drinking water is considered one of the ten great public health achievements in the 20th centuryTT/F Fluoridation of drinking water is considered one of the ten great public health achievements in the 20th century
  58. 58What is the ionic form of FluorinefluorideWhat is the ionic form of Fluorine
  59. 59Fluorine is an abundant element in _________ in the form of fluoride ion.earth's crustFluorine is an abundant element in _________ in the form of fluoride ion.
  60. 60Fluoride is naturally occurring element in ___________ground water (present in all soils, plants, air and water)Fluoride is naturally occurring element in ___________
  61. 61T/F There is a source of fluoride in smokingTT/F There is a source of fluoride in smoking
  62. 62Fluoride can be toxic in ____________ quantities.excessiveFluoride can be toxic in ____________ quantities.
  63. 63T/F A patient can have acute fluoride toxicity occurring from the ingestion of optimally fluoridated waterFT/F A patient can have acute fluoride toxicity occurring from the ingestion of optimally fluoridated water
  64. 64May develop after 10 or more years of exposure to *very high levels* of fluorideChronic fluoride toxicityMay develop after 10 or more years of exposure to *very high levels* of fluoride
  65. 65T/F Chronic fluoride toxicity is not associated with *optimal* fluoride intake in drinking waterTT/F Chronic fluoride toxicity is not associated with *optimal* fluoride intake in drinking water
  66. 66Primary adverse effect associated with chronic excess fluoride intake isfluorosis (dental, skeletal)Primary adverse effect associated with chronic excess fluoride intake is
  67. 67Mild or moderate fluorosis in the United States usually only occurs (2 reasons she stated)Young kids ingest large amounts of fluoride toothpaste over long periods of time
    Rx systemic fluoride pills/drops despite living in fluoridated communities.    Mild or moderate fluorosis in the United States usually only occurs (2 reasons she stated)
  68. 68T/F Severe fluorosis is rarely seen in the US because we don't have communities that are naturally fluoridated water at high levels (10-20ppm)TT/F Severe fluorosis is rarely seen in the US because we don't have communities that are naturally fluoridated water at high levels (10-2...
  69. 69The vast majority of dental fluorosis in the United States can be prevented by limiting the _______ and by the appropriate use of ______ingestion of topical fluoride
    dietary fluoride supplements    The vast majority of dental fluorosis in the United States can be prevented by limiting the _______ and by the appropriate use of ______
  70. 70There is no fluorosis after ___________eruptionThere is no fluorosis after ___________
  71. 71Fluoride process: Most fluoride is absorbed from the _____________ into the blood streamstomach, small intestinestomach, small intestineFluoride process: Most fluoride is absorbed from the _____________ into the blood streamstomach, small intestine
  72. 72The fluoride levels reach peak concentration within ______ minutes20-60The fluoride levels reach peak concentration within ______ minutes
  73. 73The concentration of fluoride in the body declines rapidly (within 3-6 hours) due to the uptake of Fl- by ________ tissues and removal by the kidneyscalcifiedThe concentration of fluoride in the body declines rapidly (within 3-6 hours) due to the uptake of Fl- by ________ tissues and removal by...
  74. 74Approximately _____% of the fluoride present in the body is associated with hard tissues.99Approximately _____% of the fluoride present in the body is associated with hard tissues.
  75. 75Fluoride protects teeth in 2 wayssystemic, topicalFluoride protects teeth in 2 ways
  76. 76Systemic fluorides are those ___________ into the body. This becomes incorporated into tooth structures.ingestedSystemic fluorides are those ___________ into the body. This becomes incorporated into tooth structures.
  77. 77Reduction of enamel solubility in acid by incorporation of Fluoride in the hydroxyapatite crystal.HydroxyfluorapatiteReduction of enamel solubility in acid by incorporation of Fluoride in the hydroxyapatite crystal.
  78. 78Application of Fluoride to the surface via toothpaste, varnish, rinse, etc.TopicalApplication of Fluoride to the surface via toothpaste, varnish, rinse, etc.
  79. 79Topical Fluoride also becomes incorporated into dental plaque and facilitates further ______________remineralizationTopical Fluoride also becomes incorporated into dental plaque and facilitates further ______________
  80. 80Systemic fluorides can also give topical protection because ingested fluoride is present in _______salivaSystemic fluorides can also give topical protection because ingested fluoride is present in _______
  81. 81In other countries, fluoride can be found in what product (instead of water)?Fortified saltIn other countries, fluoride can be found in what product (instead of water)?
  82. 82Rx by doctor, thorough hx of child's fluoride intake required. What is the usual type of fluoride prescribed? ______________sodium fluorideRx by doctor, thorough hx of child's fluoride intake required. What is the usual type of fluoride prescribed? ______________
  83. 83Fluoride varnish prolongs contact of fluoride with tooth. What is the rx fluoride typically?5% sodium fluoride (22.6mg F/ml)Fluoride varnish prolongs contact of fluoride with tooth. What is the rx fluoride typically?
  84. 84T/F Among common childhood diseases, tooth decay is 5 times more common than asthma and 7 times most common than hay feverTT/F Among common childhood diseases, tooth decay is 5 times more common than asthma and 7 times most common than hay fever
  85. 85Originally, United States Public Health Service (USPHS) established the optimum concentration for fluoride in the water range of _________0.7-1.2 ppm (This range effectively reduces dental decay while minimizing the occurrence of dental fluorosis)Originally, United States Public Health Service (USPHS) established the optimum concentration for fluoride in the water range of _________
  86. 86What is the new recommended fluoride level for community water fluoridation?0.7 ppm (not a range)What is the new recommended fluoride level for community water fluoridation?
  87. 87Three basic additives used to fluoridate water in the United States 1) sodium fluoride 2) sodium fluorosilicate 3) fluorosilicic acid What is the most commonly used additive to fluoridated communities in the USFluorosilicic acidThree basic additives used to fluoridate water in the United States 1) sodium fluoride 2) sodium fluorosilicate 3) fluorosilicic acid Wha...
  88. 88Maine law requires local authorization of fluoridation via a ____________referendum vote (yes, means yes & no means no)Maine law requires local authorization of fluoridation via a ____________
  89. 89In communities where water fluoridation is not possible, there may be water fluoridation at _______ for children Fluoride levels are higher (4.5 times optimal - 40% caries reduction)schoolIn communities where water fluoridation is not possible, there may be water fluoridation at _______ for children Fluoride levels are high...
  90. 90Seeks to *avoid the occurrence* of an illness or injury by *preventing* exposure to risk factorsprimary preventionSeeks to *avoid the occurrence* of an illness or injury by *preventing* exposure to risk factors
  91. 91outcome ➜ No disease Type of prevention?primaryoutcome ➜ No disease Type of prevention?
  92. 92Immunization, regular exercise, avoidance of smoking, water fluoridation, tooth brushing and flossing, sealants examples of _____________ prevention.primaryImmunization, regular exercise, avoidance of smoking, water fluoridation, tooth brushing and flossing, sealants examples of _____________...
  93. 93Aims to *minimize the severity* of the illness or the disease through *early detection/action*secondary preventionAims to *minimize the severity* of the illness or the disease through *early detection/action*
  94. 94outcome ➜ no/minimal symptom or impact of disease type of prevention?secondaryoutcome ➜ no/minimal symptom or impact of disease type of prevention?
  95. 95Early screening (Cervical and colorectal cancers, mental health, substance abuse), Drug therapies to reduce spread of disease, Fluoride varnish to remineralize teeth examples of ______ preventionsecondaryEarly screening (Cervical and colorectal cancers, mental health, substance abuse), Drug therapies to reduce spread of disease, Fluoride v...
  96. 96Goal to *slow, block, limit the progression* of the diseaseTertiary preventionGoal to *slow, block, limit the progression* of the disease
  97. 97Outcome ➜ Reduced morbidity and mortality and improved quality of life what type of prevention?tertiaryOutcome ➜ Reduced morbidity and mortality and improved quality of life what type of prevention?
  98. 98Laws or regulations created to reduce the probability of disease occurrencePrevention policyLaws or regulations created to reduce the probability of disease occurrence
  99. 99Compares the costs of an intervention to its health benefitsCost-benefit analysisCompares the costs of an intervention to its health benefits
  100. 100To compare different interventions we must measure with the same metric. Examples include:Mortality
    Morbidity
    DALYs
    Quality of life
    Disease-free time
    Dollars    To compare different interventions we must measure with the same metric. Examples include:

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Praxis Flashcards: Dental public health Flashcards on Dental public health X (100 Flash cards) , created by ACAPUN INSTITUTE on 07/08/2021.
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