Flashcards
Sprog i mundtlige kontekster
Cards in this deck (34)
- 1Bottom-up processingListening to individual sounds to create a meaning
- 2Top-down processingListening to overall meaning, use background knowledge to create an expectation of what it must mean
- 3Main steps in listening process1: Listen to intonation
2: Respond to stressed vowels
3: Listen to consonant sounds
4: Find the whole pattern - 4What are the first things listeners pay attention to?1: Stress and intonation
- 5Explain difference between hearing and listeningHearing: Physical ability to detect sounds
Listening: Determining and encoding the messages sent - 6Internal vs external noiseInternal noise: Anything internal, e.g. matters of personal life
External: Regular noise, e.g. cell phone, cars - 7Expain informational, critical and empathetic listeningInformational: Focus on the content of the message
Critical: Be critical of the message sent, have to evaluate the content.
Empathetic: Listening from a neutral p.o.v., without judgement. E.g. customer compliant - 8Explain listening styles1: People-orientated: Concern for other people
2: Action-orientated: Direct, short, error-free communication
3: Content-orientated: Interested in complex info
4: Time-orientated: Brief, concise, to the point - 9What must a professional language user be able to?1: Information processing
2: Discourse patterns
3: Pragmatic conventions
4: Cultural stumble blocks
5: Factual, professional information
6: Self-correction - 10Linguistic competenceLinguistic competence1: Sounds, intonation
2: Grammar, syntax
3: Vocabulary - 11Discoursal competence1: Ability to combine grammatical forms and meaning
2: Cohesion og coherence
3: Fillers, Gambits, discourse markers - 12Pragmatic competence1: Social context, rhetorical situation, relationship to target audience
2: Produce, understand communication in different sociolinguistic contexts
3: Speech acts - 13Strategic competenceStrategic competence1: Ability to solve communication problems
2: Coping strategies
3: Reaching communicative goal despite insufficient competence - 14What are the five aspects that help us analyze a genre? (Yates and Orlikowski)1: Purpose (why?)
2: Content (what?)
3: Form (how?)
4: Time (when?)
5: Place (where?) - 15Provide examples of oral genres1: Wedding speech
2: Political debate
3: Company presentation
4: Public announcement
5: Interview
6: ... - 16What are the main types of speech acts?1: Locution (meaningful). E.g. "Emma eat"
2: Illocution. The intention of the speaker. Complaint, request, etc
3: Perlocution: The effect. If you made another person get you a glass of water = Perlocution - 17Difference between indirect and direct speech actsDirect: No hidden meaning behind the sentence.
Indirect: Hidden meaning behind the sentence. E.g. "it's cold in here --> open the window" - 18Speech act classifications (Searle)1: Declarations: Changing the world "I pronounce you husband and wife"
2: Representatives: Speaker's beliefs "You are now husband and wife"
3: Expressives "Congratulations on your 12 grade"
4: Speaker's wants: "Could you please help me"
5: Commisives: Speaker's commitment to the future "I'll let you know as soon as he arrives" - 19Examples of up-takersMarking the beginning:
Allright, and, but, now, so, well, etc.
Set phrases: Good morning, thank you for coming, etc. - 20Examples of turn-takersMarking the turn of floor
Agreements: Yes
Disagreements: But, but still, no, so
Questions: So - 21Example of fillers and hesitorsFillers: Filling the space, time to think
Examples: I think, and so on, but, for example, i think, namely, etc
Hesitors: Used to hold the floor.
Examples: Repitions, Er, Erm, Uhm, so well, etc - 22Types of news programmes1: The bulletin: Snapshot of the day's news (3-5 min)
2: News programmes: Broader view
3: Documentary: Topical issue in greater depth
4: Documentary styles: Drama, reconstruction, features (7 min)
5: Vérité: As close to the truth as possible. Fly on the wall
6: 24 hour news, e.g. CNN, BBC, TV2NEWS - 23Types of interviews1: Hard news - short, to the point
2: Informational - Beyond the main point, show the how's and why's
3: Investigative - What really caused the events?
4: Adversarial - War of words, cross examination
5: Personal - Revealing personality profile
6: Interpretive - Explanation + analysis
7: Emotional - Human angle, personal tragedies
8: Entertainment - makes us smile
9: Actuality only - Without the reporters voice
10: Vox pop - random people on the street - 24What is a lingua franca?Language used over a large geographical area
- 25Explain the three circles of English as a Lingua FrancaInner circle: English as L1 (mother tongue), e.g. USA, UK
Outer circle: English as L2, e.g. India, Singapore
Expanding circle: English NOT as L1, L2 or official language. E.g. China, Russia - 26What three aspects are important in ELF interaction for non-native speakers to understand you?1: All consonant sounds
2: Vowel length
3: Nuclear stress - 27What is face?The public self-image of a person
- 28What is politeness?To show awareness of another person's face
- 29What is positive face?To include, make someone be part of the group
E.g. "You look sad - can I do anything?"
Attend to X's needs/wants, use in-group identity markers, be optimistic, include both speaker and hearer in activity, offer or promise, interest in x's interests, avoid disagreements, jokes - 30What is negative face?Being independent, desire to remain autonomous
E.g. be indirect "Would you know where Oxford street is?"
Be pessimistic, minimize the imposition (request), be overly polite, use plural pronouns - 31What is intercultural communication?Communication between different cultures, countries, companies, genders, generations, etc
- 32Main aspects of socio-cultural competenceSocial competence: Verbal (small talk), non-verbal (polite behaviour)
Cultural competence: Knowing about the culture and topic
Language competence: Language as lingua france, etc - 33What does it mean to be culturally intelligent?Ability to interpret someone's cultural gestures and mirror them if need be
- 34Cultural intelligence according to SøderbergCognitive dimension: Knowledge about culture
Emotional dimension: Presence, empathy, reflections about both cultures
Behavioral dimension: Establish contact, communicate from shared platform
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- Flashcards on Sprog i mundtlige kontekster, created by Jonas Klint Westermann on 27/05/2014.
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- Jonas Klint Westermann · May 2014
- Updated
- Jun 29, 2016
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