DNA, Protein Synthesis and Gene Expression notes
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This GoConqr page gathers over 130 notes on DNA structure, replication, translation and gene expression, spanning school and university-level material. School students, university students and professional candidates can use them to revise these topics, while teachers can find ready-made material. Pick a note to begin.
Notes
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2.7 - DNA Replication, Transcription, Translation The Enzymes Helicase a group of enzymes that use energy from ATP the energy is required for breaking hydrogen bonds between complementary bases helicase unwinds the double helix a helicase consists of six globu...
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7.1 - DNA Structure & Replication How Replication Happens Helicase Helicase unwinds and separates the double-stranded DNA by breaking the hydrogen bonds between base pairs This occurs at specific regions (origins of replication), creating a replicatio...
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Answer key and Rubrics 1. Answer sheet :1. A polymer or chain of nucleotides2. Polynucleotides3. True4. Five-carbon phosphate nitrogenous5. adenine, guanine, thymine, cytosine and uracil.Rubrics:The first three are you are to choose the ans...
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Biology AQA 3.2.2 structure of DNA DNA NUCLEOTIDE BASES; Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, cytosine BASE PAIRINGSA&TG&C (remember the curve)
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Topic 2: Molecular Biology (Drawings)
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Molecular Biology test revision notes 2.1 Molecules to metabolism: page 43 (see page 43 for learning objectives) Elements in living things (page 43): Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen are the four most common elements found in living organ...
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AP Bio- DNA Replication Key points: DNA replication is semiconservative. Each strand in the double helix acts as a template for synthesis of a new, complementary strand. New DNA is made by enzymes called DNA polymerases, which requ...
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Concept 17.4 Lecture outline Concept 17.4 Lecture outline Concept 17.4 Translation is the RNA-directed synthesis of a polypeptide: a closer look · In the process of translation, a cell translates a genetic message to build a polypeptide. The tRNA...
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DNA & RNA LECTURE 13 DNA Describe evidence that DNA carries genetic information Frederick Griffith (1928) performed studies using two strains of the Streptococcus pneumoniae bacterium - one pathogenic, the...
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Stem Cells Totipotent stem cells are able to mature into any type of body cell Multicellular organisms are made up from many different cell types that are specialised for their function, e.g. liver cells, muscle cells. All these...
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Gene Expression and Stem Cells Revision PROTO-ONCOGENES encode proteins that STIMULATE cell division mutation = oncogene makes too much active protein all the time cell divides unchecked - can lead to cancer mutation is DOMINANT TUMOUR - SUPPRESSOR GENES en...
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Concepts 17.3 lecture outline Concepts 17.3 lecture outline Concept 17.3 Eukaryotic cells modify RNA after transcription · Enzymes in the eukaryotic nucleus modify the pre-mRNA before the genetic messages are dispatched to the cytoplasm. · During ...
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Unit 4 DNA What is DNA? DNA is one of the chromosomes’ components and is responsible for hereditary traits. It is a molecule made up of two chains that are faced creating a double helix. These chains are respectively formed by t...
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Biology Basics DNA and RNA What are the building blocks of nucleic acids?What are the building blocks of DNA?What are the building blocks of RNA?What are the compositions of DNA?What direction does the two DNA strands go?DNA Molecule width?A si...
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Chapter 14 - Bio The Central Dogma One gene - one polypeptide // Beadle and Tatum The Central Dogma - cells are governed by a cellular chain of command The Flow of Genetic Information Gene expression - the process by which DNA directs...
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DNA Notes DNA Basics A long molecule made of strand of the bases A, T, C and G Sections of genes are in DNA that make specific proteins Sequence of bases control which amino acids are made and joined to create a new protein or ...
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DNA DNA is a polymer of nucleotidesDNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) contains all the genetic information of an organism. DNA is made up from lots of monomers called nucleotides. Nucleotides are made up of : A phosphate group A...
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2.3 Nucleic Acids 2.3.1 DNA- deoxyribonucleic acidKey words:Nucleotide: molecule consisting of a five-carbon sugar, a phosphate group (C5/C3) and a nitrogenous base (C1). They are linked by covalent bonds formed by condensation reactio...
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DNA - Information Storage DNA is a stable polynucleotideDNA is a long-chain polymer of nucleotide monomers. This polymer is called polynucleotide. A DNA molecule forms when two polynucleotide strands come together form the uprights, and the ba...
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DNA replication in eukaryotes - Eukaryotic DNA polymerases are slower than those in bacteria. They synthesise DNA at 100-200 base pairs per second. Eukaryotes have several DNA polymerases like alpha, delta, etc. - Okazaki fragments are 100-2...
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Nucleotides - Coding Molecules Nucleic acids in living organismsNucleic acids come in two forms: DNA and RNA. In living organisms these molecules hold the coded information to build that organism.Almost all the DNA in a eukaryotic cell is found in ...
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Regulation of Transcription and Translation Transcription factors control the transcription of target genesTranscription is when a gene is copied from DNA into mRNA. The enzyme responsible for synthesising mRNA from DNA is called RNA polymerase. All the cells i...
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Reading the Instructions RNA is differentRNA is structurally different from DNA in a number of different ways: the sugar molecule that makes up the nucleotides is ribose the nitrogenous base uracil is found instead of thymine the polynucleoti...
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Topic 3 - Learning Outcomes Topic 3.1 DNA sequence change and gene function Describe and explain the different potential consequences of DNA sequence alteration on gene function. Explain, with reference to examples, the concepts of pleiotropy, p...
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Structure of DNA IntroductionAbout 40 human cells would fit beside one another across a full stop at the end of this sentence. The DNA from just one of these cells would stretch to about 3 metres if it was fully unwound from the nucle...
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Chromosomes and Genes IntroductionA chromosome consists of many base pairs arranged into a double helix. For example, the DNA in the longest human chromosome contains about 300 million base pairs. Complementary Base PairsThe pattern ...
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Ch 10 Sec 1 Discovery of DNA Ch 10 Sec 1 Discovery of DNA Griffith's Experiments (Fredrick Griffith)Griffith was trying to create a vaccine against a virulent strain -Two Types of Strains Virulent Strain has a capsule (S strain) R strain doesn't ...
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Molecular Genetics Chromosome Structure: The DNA molecule itself has two strands twisted into a double helix. At regular intervals, the DNA molecule (blue) wraps around a core of histone proteins (purple). The DNA and proteins associate...
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DNA, the Genetic Material What is DNA? From CK-12: DNA, the Genetic MaterialDNA makes up chromosomes and stores genetic material to be passed down to offspring or code for replacing specific cells when damaged.Acts as a blueprint (the technica...
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Regulation of Transcription Mechanisms that can regulate transcription:Specificity factorsAlter the specificity of RNA polymerase for a given promoter, making it more or less likely to bind with themRepressorsBind to the operator (located n...
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OCR AS Biology- Nucleic Acid 2.1.2 Nucleic Acida) DNA stands for Deoxyribonucleic Acid. It is a double stranded polynucleotide made up the nucleotides adenine, thymine, cytosine and guanine.b) RNA stands for Ribonucleic Acid. It is a single stran...
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Biology AQA 3.2.2 Genes and Polypeptides A gene occupies a fixed position on a strand of DNA, this is called a locus. Genes: sections of DNA that contain coded information due to specific bases. Genes code for polypeptides and determine the nature and develo...
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Essay for Protein Synthesis Protein Synthesis-20 different types of amino acids used in synthesis- Amino acids bonded by peptide bonds- Proteins differ due to amino acid sequence/length of chain- Proteins are fibrous of globular- Examples of fib...
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Essay on DNA Replication RNA synthesis- DNA unzips/hydrogen bonds broken- Enzymes and/or ATP needed- RNA nucleotides align with bases of DNA - Base pairings A-U, C-G, T-A, G-C- Nucleotides bonded through sugar phosphate bonds- mRNA transcribe...
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Lecture 10- Translation Transcription RNA polymerase breaks apart the DNA strands A single strand of mRNA is transcribed from the template strand using the base pair rule In mRNA, the nucleobase T is substituted by U Required nuc...
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GoConqr OriginalDNA, Protein Synthesis and Gene Expression notes
The notes on this page cover topics from the structure of DNA to gene expression. DNA Lesson describes the components of a nucleotide, while DNA Replication explains semi-conservative replication. For a wider view of reading genetic information, the page also lists notes on replication, transcription and translation.
If you are starting with the building blocks, DNA Lesson is a useful place to begin because it introduces the parts of a nucleotide. Then read DNA Replication to follow how DNA is copied. For another topic, Gene Expression and Stem Cells Revision includes notes on cancer and oestrogen.
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Frequently asked questions
Which note could I start with?
For an introduction to DNA's building blocks, start with DNA Lesson. It describes the components of a nucleotide. If you want to focus on copying DNA instead, DNA Replication explains semi-conservative replication. Both give you a defined topic to read before moving to broader notes.
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Yes. Every note listed here is free to open and study without an account. The resources were made by GoConqr users, rather than by GoConqr. A free account also lets you make your own notes, quizzes, mind maps and flashcards, and save quiz scores.
Can I use these notes to revise gene expression as well as DNA replication?
Yes. The page lists DNA Replication for work on copying DNA, alongside Gene Expression and Stem Cells Revision and Regulation of Transcription and Translation. You can use the titles to find the topic you want, then read the notes that match your current revision.