Test
560
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Preguntas del test (76)
1How can we tell if something is behaviour?
- AIf a dead man can’t do it is behaviour.
- BIf it can be readily observed.
- CIf another person can report on it.
- DIf it impacts the environment.
2Pavlov was primarily interested in…
- AHypothetical Inner processes.
- BThe interaction between the central nervous system and digestion.
- CReflexes.
- DReinforcement.
3What does Parsimony mean with regards to science?
- AUsing simple explanations rather than complex explanations.
- BUsing well-established explanations rather than less-understood explanations.
- CBeing stingy.
- DAll of these.
4Which of the following is behaviour?
- AEvents where a live organism is interacting with the environment.
- BEvents that do not involve an organism.
- CEvents for which their sole evidence is a measuring instrument.
- DEvents that do not involve any movement.
5What does Group Behaviour refer too?
- AMathematical result of combining the data from multiple individuals who are related in some way.
- BThe natural phenomenon distinct from the behaviour of an individual organism.
- CMathematical result of combining the data from multiple individuals who are not related in some way.
- DThe way people behave when they are in a group of people.
6Quasi-behavioural research…
- AUses data that originated with observation of behaviour but that has become distorted or contaminated.
- BUses studies that are designed to learn about the effect of environmental events on behaviour.
- CDoesn’t aggregate data from individuals.
- DUses data that doesn’t originate with observation
7Pure behavioural research…
- AUses methodological practices that preserve the fundamental qualities of behaviour in undisturbed and uncontaminated form.
- BUses data that originated with observation of behaviour.
- CUses data aggregated from many individuals.
- DUses data identified at the group level.
8Which of these behaviours would fail the dead man’s test?
- AAll of these.
- BLaying down.
- CNot eating junk food.
- DBeing quiet.
9What does Intraorganism refer too?
- AThe individual organism as a level of analysis.
- BAnalysis between individual organisms.
- CAnalysis of interactions between two organisms.
- DNone of these.
10What are the three categories of Inner Causes as defined by Skinner?
- AConceptual, psychic and neural.
- BNatural, conceptual and psychic.
- CBiological, conceptual and psychic.
- DNeural, conceptual and biological.
11Never-ending change and the need to adapt has led to the bio-diversity we see today. Species that fail to adapt fast enough die. We are all familiar with this process of biological and genetic adaptation as described in Darwin's theory of the evolution of species. Catania draws analogies between this and learning processes - as a way of learning across generations. This process is called [blank_start]phylogenic selection[blank_end]
- Aphylogenic selection
12Catania furter argues that other learning mechanisms, such as the ones studied and described in the science of behaviour are also a product of genetic evolution. Being able to learn from consequences is a powerful survival mechanism as is learning about when those consequences are in effect, and when not. Being able to constantly change - adapt, accommodate is vital to the survival of us as individuals and to the survival of the species. This process of selection at the level of the individual organism is called [blank_start]ontongenic selection[blank_end]. Finally, [blank_start]memetic selection[blank_end] refers to the process of passing on information and cultural practices within cultural groups.
- Aontongenic selection
- Bmemetic selection
13[blank_start]Ontogeny[blank_end] refers to the development or course of development of an individual organism. A behavior with such origins is one that was acquired during the lifetime of the individual as a result of contingencies of reinforcement.
- AOntogeny
14[blank_start]Phylogeny[blank_end] is the study of relationships among different groups of organisms and their evolutionary development. A behaviour with such origins is one that a species has acquired across generations through a process of natural selection.
- APhylogeny
15[blank_start]Memetics[blank_end] is the study of information and culture based on an analogy with Darwinian evolution. Behaviour with such an origin were passed on through cultural transmission.
- AMemetics
16Who we are today and how we behave under certain circumstances is determined by a mixture of these three processes.
- M[blank_start]emetics[blank_end]
- P[blank_start]hylogeny[blank_end]
- O[blank_start]ntogeny[blank_end]
Some behaviours and capabilities we share with all other homo sapience (walking erect, the capacity for speech and language), others through cultural transmission – shared with others of our group (e.g. speaking English, liking vegiemite), and others – at the level of the individual are determined by or own very personal learning history.- Antogeny
- Bhylogeny
- Cemetics
17The changes that occurred in both research practice and data analysis that occurred in Western psychology in the period of 1935-1955 have been called…
- AThe Scientist-Practitioner Model paradigm.
- BThe Inference Revolution.
- CEvidence Based Practice Model paradigm.
- DThe Cognitive Revolution.
18Which of the following is NOT true in relation to clinical significance…
- AClinical significance requires substantive restoration of function.
- BClinical significance requires substantive alleviation of distress.
- CClinical significance is determined at the individual level.
- DClinical significance requires a statistically significant difference on some measurement of change.
19Fisher developed the…
- ACorrelation coefficient and the control group.
- BControl group.
- COne way ANOVA.
- DCorrelation coefficient.
20Which of the following is NOT true, Single-Case designs involve…
- AOnly one participant.
- BTime-series data.
- CAn intervention phase.
- DA Baseline phase.
21What is NOT a key characteristic of the standard model of research?
- AUse measures of central tendency and variance to aggregate data for each dependent variable.
- BRecruit as many participants as possible.
- COperate under a Null Hypothesis (H0) for which population mean differences are zero.
- DRegard results as being of scientific value even if H0 has been accepted.
22The core of inferential statistics are…
- AConfidence intervals.
- BNull hypothesis significance tests.
- CP values.
- DDescriptive statistics.
23Measures of central tendency, variability and correlations are known as…
- ADescriptive statistics.
- BNone of these.
- CInferential statistics.
- DStatistics.
24One ethical problem with standard group research protocols is that large numbers of participants must be assignment to a control condition, Blampied suggests that…
- ASingle-case research should be used instead of large-scale randomized control studies.
- BA novel therapy should be shown to be effective in a series of well-conducted single case studies prior to large-scale randomized control studies.
- CNone of these.
- DEvery participant should experience both the control and treatment groups.
25Dar, Serlin and Omar (1994) found that…
- AOnly a small number of statistical misinterpretations were found.
- BHalf of all research was published using the Null Hypothesis Significance Testing Model.
- CA large number of misinterpretations, misuse of P values and gross inflation of type one errors were found.
- DType one errors were the most common.
26Galton developed the…
- ACorrelation coefficient and the control group.
- BControl group.
- COne way ANOVA.
- DCorrelation coefficient.
27This branch of behavior analysis concentrates on the philosophy of the science of behavior.
- AApplied behavior analysis
- BExperimental analysis of behavior
- CDeterminism
- DBehaviorism
28The levels of understanding science provides includes:
- APrediction, Description & Control
- BPrediction, Description & Calculation
- CPrediction, Depiction, & Illustration
- DPicture, Description, & Control
29This approach to understanding behavior attempts to explain all behavior, including private events.
- AStructuralism
- BRadical behaviorism
- CMethodological behaviorism
- DMentalism
30This formally began the experimental branch of behavior analysis
- AWatsonian psychology or S-R psychology
- BPavlov’s study of reflexive behavior
- CSkinner’s publication The Behavior of Organims
- DFuller’s study on the application of operant behavior to humans
31The highest level of scientific understanding is prediction or the ability to correlation between events.
- AVerdadero
- BFalso
32There are three levels of understanding that persist in science, and each level contributes to the overall knowledge base in a given field.
- AVerdadero
- BFalso
33The overarching purpose of applied behavior analysis as field of study is to concentrate on socially important or significant behaviors.
- AVerdadero
- BFalso
34The idea that simple, logical explanations must be ruled out, experimentally or conceptually, before more complex or abstract explanations are considered.
- AExperimentation
- BParsimony
- CPrediction
- DPhilosophic doubt
35This is the assumption upon which science is predicted.
- AEmpiricism
- BPrediction
- CDeterminism
- DExperimentation
36This approach to understanding behavior assumes that inner causes or phenomena directly cause or at least mediate some forms of behavior, and strongly relies on hypothetical constructs or explanatory fiction.
- AS-R psychology
- BRadical behaviorism
- CMethodological behaviorism
- DMentalism
37Neurological events associated with any action are best viewed as [blank_start]correlates[blank_end], rather than causes of behaviour.
- Acorrelates
38The statement “John hit Mike because he was anxious” is an example of…
- AA molar explanation for behaviour.
- BA body-mind problem.
- CA mentalism.
- DA conceptual cause of behaviour.
39How can something lacking physical dimensions affect physical events such as behaviour” is known as…
- AThe mind-body problem.
- BThe dualistic perspective.
- CA mentalism.
- DThe law of motion.
40Molar analysis…
- AFocuses on private events as causes of behaviour.
- BEmphasises the role of temporal contiguity between responses and surrounding environmental events.
- CEmphasises the role of past contingencies as causes of current behaviour.
- DNone of these.
41Molecular analysis…
- AFocuses on private events as causes of behaviour.
- BEmphasises the role of temporal contiguity between responses and surrounding environmental events.
- CEmphasises the role of past contingencies as causes of current behaviour.
- DNone of these.
42Which of the following is NOT a reason for why it is so common to assign mentalisms as causes of behaviour?
- ABecause the grammar of English and many other languages requires an agent for every action.
- BBecause the usage is so familiar getting people to think in entirely new ways about how the world works is very difficult.
- CBecause our history with the immediacy of mechanical causation leads us to look for causes of behaviour that are close in time to our actions.
- DNone of these.
43A mentalism is…
- AA form of monism.
- BThe tendency to look for causes of behaviour, not in the physical world but in a mental universe.
- CThe attribution of physical events as causes of behaviour .
- DThe idea that beliefs that cause behaviour exist in the physical sense.
44Verbal reports on causes of behaviour are [blank_start]indirect[blank_end] measures of behaviour.
- Aindirect
45John said he hit Mike because “his nerves were on edge”, which one of Skinner’s three types of inner causes, is this an example of?
- ANeural.
- BPhysical.
- CConceptual.
- DNone of these.
46A toothache is an example of…
- AA public event.
- BA private event.
- CA mentalism.
- DNone of these.
47Measurement has [blank_start]validity[blank_end] when it yields data that are directly relevant to the phenomenon measured and to the reason(s) for measuring it
- Avalidity
48Data of the highest quality (i.e., data that are most useful and trustworthy for advancing scientific knowledge or for guiding data-based practice) are produced by measurement that is [blank_start]valid[blank_end], [blank_start]accurate[blank_end], and [blank_start]reliable[blank_end]
- Avalid
- Baccurate
- Creliable
49Direct measurement of behaviour yields more valid data than will [blank_start]indirect[blank_end] measurement. This is because indirect measurement provides secondhand or “filtered” information. Therefore, indirect measurement may pose a threat to [blank_start]validity[blank_end].
- Aindirect
- Bvalidity
50Unnecessarily cumbersome and difficult-to-use measurement systems may reduce measurment [blank_start]accuracy[blank_end] and [blank_start]reliability[blank_end].
- Aaccuracy
- Breliability
51The validity and reliability of a research study are measured by examining the [blank_start]internal[blank_end], [blank_start]social[blank_end], and [blank_start]external[blank_end] validity of its treatment and outcomes.
- Ainternal
- Bsocial
- Cexternal
52Experiments that demonstrate a clear relationship between the independent variable and the observed behaviour are said to have a high degree of [blank_start]internal[blank_end] validity.
- Ainternal
53Strong experimental designs are those that demonstrate a reliable effect and eliminate the possibility that the effect was due to factors other than the [blank_start]independent[blank_end] variable.
- Aindependent
54Two measures of internal validity are [blank_start]treatment integrity[blank_end] and [blank_start]procedural reliability[blank_end], the extent to which the independent variable was implemented as planned.
- Atreatment integrity
- Bprocedural reliability
55[blank_start]Social validity[blank_end] refers to the social significance of the target behaviour, the appropriateness of the procedures, and the social importance of the outcomes. Assessment of [blank_start]social validity[blank_end] typically includes evaluation of consumer opinion.
- ASocial validity
- Bsocial validity
56[blank_start]External validity[blank_end] refers to the degree to which a functional relationship from a given experiment will hold under different circumstances. In other words, will a treatment demonstrated to be effective here be effective in other conditions. In applied behaviour analysis research this generality is assessed through
replication of experiments.- AExternal validity
57Baum’s Molar view of Behaviour is that…
- ABehaviour can’t be explained by private events.
- BBehaviour can be explained by sensory events.
- CBehaviour is activities.
- DBehaviour is activities that are more extended or less extended in time
58One of Baum’s main points of “Behaviorism, Private Events & the Molar View of Behavior” is…
- APrivate events are irrelevant to accounts of behaviour.
- BWe need more understanding of verbal behaviour.
- CBehaviourism aligns with dualism.
- DRadical behaviourists don’t assign private events as explanations for behaviour often enough.
59Dualism…
- AStates that the mind is a physical substance.
- BSupposes that mind and matter are distinct.
- CNone of the above.
- DPurports that feelings cause behaviour.
60Monism …
- ANone of these.
- BIs rejected by radical behaviourism.
- CSupposes that mind and matter are not distinct.
- DStates that the mind is a non-physical substance.
61Lubinski and Thompson (1993) claimed that they could get pigeons to peck under stimulus control of private feelings produced by different drugs. Baum concluded that…
- AThe pigeons were under stimulus control of the drugs.
- BThe pigeons were under stimulus control of the keylights.
- CThe pigeon’s pecking behaviour could be explained by observable events.
- DAll of the above.
62Baum argues that Behaviourist’s tend to assign private events to behaviour when…
- AWhen an activity is viewed on too small a time frame.
- BWhen a private event explanation works to solve a behaviour problem.
- CWhen we get confused by verbal behaviour.
- DThere are no observable causes of behaviour.
63Baum states that Verbal Behaviour…
- ARequires no new principles to explain it.
- BIs not useful for understanding private events.
- CIs not well understood.
- DConfuses behaviourists.
64Baum states that radical behaviourism is aligned with…
- AMonism.
- BNone of these.
- CMentalism.
- DDualism.
65Skinner considered pain to be a private stimulus, Baum comments that…
- APain is only private if you can’t observe behaviour coming from that pain.
- BThis view is incorrect.
- CThis view is correct.
- DPain is the quintessential private event.
66Baum states that Mechanism of behaviour deals with…
- AThe topography of behaviour.
- BWhy behaviour occurs.
- CHow behaviour occurs.
- DThe function of behaviour.
67Little Albert crying when he saw a white rat is an an example of…
- AA conditioned response.
- BAn unconditioned stimulus.
- CA conditioned stimulus.
- DAn unconditioned response.
68In the Baked Beans example Tim started off holding a tin of baked beans and then moved to heating them up in a pot, what is this an example of?
- AAn anxiety hierarchy.
- BIn-Vivo sensitization.
- CRelaxation.
- DCounter Conditioning.
69With Pavlov’s dogs; the dogs salivating in response to the bell is an example of?
- AAn unconditioned response.
- BAn unconditioned stimulus.
- CA conditioned stimulus.
- DA conditioned response.
70An Anxiety Hierarchy is…
- AA list of feared stimuli from most to least feared.
- BA list of feared stimuli from most to least anxiety provoking.
- CA list of feared stimuli from least to most feared.
- DA list of feared stimuli from least to most anxiety provoking.
71With Pavlov’s dogs; food is?
- AAn unconditioned response.
- BA conditioned stimulus.
- CAn unconditioned stimulus.
- DA conditioned response.
72What does “In-Vivo” Sensitization refer too?
- AExposure to feared stimuli.
- BGraduated exposure to feared stimuli.
- CImaginal exposure to feared stimuli.
- DReal life exposure to feared stimuli.
73Which of the following is not a part of treatment using systematic desensitization…
- ARelaxation.
- BImaginal Exposure.
- CAnxiety hierarchy.
- DFlooding.
74In the feathers example before Jackie is exposed to a real feather what would have been done prior?
- AAn anxiety hierarchy would have been created.
- BImaginal exposure to feathers.
- CShe would have been taught relaxation techniques.
- DAll of these.
75Little Albert crying when he heard the loud noise is an example of…
- AA conditioned stimulus.
- BAn unconditioned response.
- CA conditioned response.
- DAn unconditioned stimulus.
76Put the anxiety hierarchy in order.
Step one - Imagine a [blank_start]dead spider on the road outside[blank_end]
Step two - Imagine a [blank_start]live spider at the neighbours house[blank_end]
Step three - Imagine a [blank_start]live spider in the next room[blank_end]
Step four - Imagine a [blank_start]live spider on my desk[blank_end]- Adead spider on the road outside
- Blive spider at the neighbours house
- Clive spider in the next room
- Dlive spider on my desk
- Elive spider at the neighbours house
- Fdead spider on the road outside
- Glive spider in the next room
- Hlive spider on my desk
- Ilive spider in the next room
- Jdead spider on the road outside
- Klive spider at the neighbours house
- Llive spider on my desk
- Mlive spider on my desk
- Ndead spider on the road outside
- Olive spider at the neighbours house
- Plive spider in the next room
Información
- Descripción
- Test sobre 560, creado por Karissa Paterson el 10/10/2019.
- Autor
- Karissa Paterson
- Idioma
- English
- Visitas
- 0
- Valoración
- Aún sin valoraciones Valora este test