Test
Counseling Theories I & II Final Exam Study Quiz
Preguntas del test (180)
1Perfect vs. Failure is an example of a problematic __________.
- APolarity
- BAct
- COpposition
- DCounterbalance
2The statement: "The more one tries to change (and be who one is not), the more one stays the same," refers to what concept in Gestalt counseling?
- AParadoxical Theory of Change
- BOrganismic Self-Regulation
- CAwareness
- DIntegration of Polarities
3When a person has integrated polarities, they have:
- AAccepted more aspects of the self
- BMade peace with who and what one is
- CA responsive relationship with the environment
- DTrust in the self and life itself
4Gestalt counselors work with clients to confront their "shoulds" in order to help clients:
- ALive authentically
- BRegulate emotions in unhealthy ways
- CAvoid taking existential responsibility for their lives
- DConfront others putting pressure on them
5The idea that Gestalt counselors use their whole personhood to make real authentic contact with clients is best explained as counselors:
- AFreely sharing their thoughts and feelings as they occur in session
- BExpressing few emotions to protect the client
- CNot making or admitting mistakes in session
- DAvoiding rattling the client
6What is the primary vehicle for change in Gestalt counseling?
- AThe person of the counselor
- BThe interventions
- CThe theory
- DThe client
7Gestalt counselors offer clients their presence in __________ experiences in the counseling session.
- AHere-and-now
- BEmotional
- CUnhampered
- DUnconscious
8How would the attitudes and behaviors of a counselor with a Gestalt theoretical orientation compare to those of a counselor with a person-centered theoretical orientation?
- AThe Gestalt counselor would act bored, irritated, or impatient if that's the way he or she felt whereas the person-centered counselor would practice unconditional positive regard and display empathy.
- BThe two would behave in similar ways, both focusing on unconditional positive regard and empathy.
- CBoth counselors would always let a client know how the client's behavior is affecting the counselor.
- DThe person-centered counselor would be more likely to use confrontation tactics with the client.
9In Fritz Perl's native language of German, the word describing the concept of people being understood holistically and contextually is:
- AGestalt
- BAdler
- CPsychodynamic
- DExistential
10Interventions in Gestalt counseling are designed to encourage clients to make __________ and complete the __________ cycle.
- AContact/Encounter
- BExcuses/Avoidance
- CChanges/Withdrawal
- DPeace/Life
11Gestalt counselors believe neuroses and other problems develop when a person:
- AAvoids direct contact with parts of the self
- BHas a sense of personal inferiority
- CAvoids directly confronting existential realities
- DHas conflicts between the id and superego
12Asking your client to speak aloud while in session what she is afraid to say to a person, would be an example of what Gestalt intervention?
- AExperiment
- BBody Awareness
- CLanguage Modification
- DDream Work
13In general, most schools of feminist and multicultural counseling will consider all of the following aspects of a person's experience except:
- AEffect of gender
- BEffect of culture
- CEffect of irrational emotion
- DEffect of relationship
14According to systemic counselors, the symptoms clients present with in counseling are viewed as:
- ARelated to systemic dynamics
- BDysfunctional
- CHomeostatic
- DAbnormal
15The following statement: "At the end of the session, the client cannot say which 'side' the counselor was on," is an example of a counselor successfully achieving __________.
- AHomeostasis
- BQuid pro quo
- CNeutrality
- DPartiality
16Systemic counselors view the presenting problem not as an individual problem but a __________one, specifically an interactional one, even if the counselor is working with an individual.
- ADysfunctional
- BRelational
- CPathological
- DIndependent
17One of the most thoroughly researched family systems approaches that empirically validated treatment for treating couples is:
- AIntegrative Couples Therapy
- BEmotionally Focused Therapy
- CBrief Strategic Family Therapy
- DFunctional Family Therapy
18Feminist counselors see women as developing the self:
- AIn and through relationships
- BIn isolation
- CAutonomously
- DSeparate from others
19Systemic approaches are a set of theories that conceptualize an individual's symptoms as arising where?
- AThe unconscious mind
- BWithin family and relational dynamics
- CFrom social oppression
- DWhen a person is not self-actualized
20The experience a client has, in which he or she rejects parts of self, becoming disconnected from the self as well as others, is referred to as:
- ADisempowerment
- BShame
- CSelf-control
- DInternalized oppression
21The purpose of enactments in systemic counseling is what?
- ATo avoid seeing couples or family arguing in your office
- BTo hear couples and families describe how they interact
- CTo help couples and families to argue in your office
- DTo observe and restructure couple and family interactions in your office
22Feminist counselors use assertiveness training to help empower clients. The goal of assertiveness training is for clients to:
- AAttend only to the needs of self
- BAttend to both the needs of self and others with balance
- CAttend only to the needs of others
- DAll of the above
23An egalitarian relationship is a critical aspect to feminist counseling.
An egalitarian relationship involves:- ACounselors and clients discussing power dynamics inherent in the therapy process.
- BClients sharing their opinions and asking questions about the counseling process.
- CCounselors and clients collaborating to decide how best to address clients' problems.
- DAll of the above contribute to egalitarian relationships in therapy
24Family systems counselors are fundamentally strengths-based. This means focusing on each of the following EXCEPT:
- AAdvocating against labeling families as dysfunctional
- BFocusing on religious beliefs or hobbies to develop interventions
- CSeeing the individual as the enemy of the family
- DRecognizing the family as supportive and protective to individuals
25Shifts in family structure, during the early stages of counseling, which seem like radical change but the underlying family rules remain the same, refer to what?
- ASelf-correcting
- BFirst-order change
- CCybernetics
- DSecond-order change
26According to feminist and multicultural counselors, the desire for __________ is the primary motivating factor, and fundamental to an individual's sense of well-being.
- AControl
- BOppression
- CConnection
- DIndividuation
27One of the strengths of systems theory and it application for working with diverse populations is its __________ approach.
- AProblem focused
- BNon-pathologizing
- CSolution Focused
- DMultigenerational
28Gender-role analysis, a defining intervention used by feminist counselors, involves:
- AAsking only female clients about how the rules regarding male and female behavior may affect the client's current problem
- BFocusing on the problem as inherent in the client
- CAsking questions of clients to help identify cultural rules from multiple contexts that may be interacting with the current problem
- DBlaming different contexts (religion, work, family, etc.) in the client's life for the current problem
29An example of a relational system within which systemic counselors view their clients would be:
- AMother, father, siblings
- BOnline communities
- CChurch
- DAll of the options are correct
30According to feminist counselors, the personal is political, refers to the interconnectedness of a person's internal reality with political issues from the broader social context. This is true for:
- AMen
- BWomen
- CTransgender
- DAll of the options are correct
31__________ refers to when a system restructures its homeostasis in response to positive feedback, and the rules that govern the system fundamentally shift.
- ASelf-correcting
- BFirst-order change
- CCybernetics
- DSecond-order change
32A major philosophy of feminist counseling approaches places societal issues at the heart of treatment. This is consistent with which of the following approaches?
- APsychodynamic
- BCognitive Behavioral
- CSolution Focused
- DNarrative
33Feminist counselors promote social activism and social justice through their own actions and with their clients. This can be accomplished by:
- ASupporting clients' finding ways to make a difference in their communities in ways that work for the client
- BRequiring clients to start groups for peers in their communities suffering from similar struggles
- CAdvocating for clients no matter what the cost (personally or professionally) to the therapist
- DAll of the options are correct
34The basic listening sequence consists of which skills?
- Aattending behavior, listening skills, and self-disclosure
- Bquestions, encouragers, paraphrases, reflection of feeling, and summarizations
- Cverbal underlining, attending behavior, and influencing skills
- Dopen questions, closed questions, attending behavior, check-out
35When you demonstrate effective attending behavior, clients usually
- Abecome happier.
- Btalk more freely and respond more openly.
- Cask more questions.
- Dlet you speak about your personal experiences.
36The Microskills Hierarchy
- Ademonstrates clearly that different clients have different needs.
- Bdemonstrates that alternative settings for counseling require different skills.
- Cdescribes the skills in order of importance.
- Dprovides a picture of the microskills as they move from attending to influencing to skill integration.
37If you use an encourager correctly, you may anticipate the client to
- Aparaphrase what you have said back to you accurately.
- Bstop talking about that topic and move on to something more important.
- Cindicate that he or she appreciates what you are doing.
- Dexplore a topic more in depth, often leading to exploration of deeper meanings of the concept that has been encouraged.
38Attending behavior includes individually and culturally appropriate
- Avisuals.
- Bverbal tracking.
- Cbody language.
- Dall of the options are correct.
39A primary difference between an interpretation / reframe and a reflection of meaning is that
- Areflection of meaning remains in the client's own frame of reference, while interpretation / reframe comes from the counselor's frame of reference.
- Breflection of meaning deals with meaning, while interpretation / reframe deals with feeling.
- Creflection of meaning is an influencing skill, while interpretation / reframe is an attending skill.
- Dreflection of meaning helps the client to come to alternative ways to consider a situation, while interpretation / reframe does not.
40The foundation of the Microskills Hierarchy is (are)
- Aethics, multicultural competence, and wellness.
- Battending behavior.
- Cinfluencing behavior.
- Ddetermining one's own personal style of helping.
41Which question would most effectively probe for meaning according to the authors?
- ACould you give me a specific example?
- BDo you really mean it?
- CHow do you REALLY feel?
- DWhat values underlie your actions?
42The authors argue that natural style is a basic building block of intentional counseling. Which of the following is NOT part of their view of natural style?
- AIt is best to identify one's natural style and then always hold to it.
- BWe all have natural strengths in communication.
- CToo many people in interviewing training may forget the many strengths they bring to the course even before instruction begins.
- DInstruction, practice, and learning new skills and strategies can enhance natural style.
43Intentional interviewing is concerned with
- Afinding the single best response for each client statement.
- Bthe counselor knowing one theory exceptionally well.
- Chaving many alternative responses available to any client statement.
- Dexplaining to the client why you made that particular choice.
44The authors of your text recommend using a positive asset search because it enables clients to
- Afind a more positive center before they talk about their concerns in detail.
- Brealize that they have internal strengths that will help them rewrite their stories in a more positive fashion.
- Cignore really difficult problems.
- DBoth answers 1 and 2
45The basic listening sequence is more likely to be used in
- Athe rapport / structuring phase of the interview.
- Bgathering information.
- Cdefining goals.
- Dconcluding the interview and generalization.
- Eall of the above.
46When the feelings of the client are not fully understandable and seem confused,
- Ait is best to ignore the feeling until you understand fully what the client is saying.
- Bparaphrase and summarize what you have heard.
- Creflect the feelings as you have heard them, but include a check-out for accuracy.
- Dall of the above.
- Enone of the above.
47"I feel really terrible. My folks have divorced. They have moved apart and I don't know where to live." Which would be a reflection of feeling in response to this client?
- A"Terrible?"
- B"Looks like you have had a bad experience. I can see that it would be tough deciding what to do next."
- C"Sounds like you're really upset and are confused as to what to do next."
- D"How do you feel about having to choose where you'll live?
48According to the authors, feedback is LEAST effective
- Awhen it deals with one or two things at a time.
- Bwhen it is general rather than specific.
- Cwhen it is a check to ensure clear communication.
- Dwhen it is asked for by the recipient.
49The most important function of summarizations is that
- Athey feed back the essence of many things that might have been missed otherwise.
- Bthey break the routine or paraphrasing, questioning, and encouraging.
- Cthey bring together the things a client has been saying in an organized fashion.
- Dthey provide an opportunity for the interviewer to summarize his or her own ideas.
50The following options contain both open and closed questions. Select all the OPEN Questions.
- AWhat was it like for you to prepare for the final exam?
- BWhat time is it now?
- CHow old are you?
- DWill you be glad when you have finished the final exam?
- EDo you like taking final exams?
- FHow do you feel about taking a final exam?
- GWhat does your family do to celebrate the holidays?
- HWhy do you want to be a counselor?
51Identify the theory or best response. Though humans are born with the potential for rational thinking, there is a tendency toward crooked and irrational thinking.
- Apsychoanalytic therapy
- Bbehavior therapy
- CREBT
- Dreality therapy
- Enone of the above
52The concept of transference is important in:
- Apsychoanalytic therapy
- Breality therapy
- CREBT
- Dbehavior therapy
- Enone of the above
53The Oedipus complex is stressed in:
- Aexistential therapy
- Bfamily systems therapy
- CGestalt therapy
- DAdlerian therapy
- Enone of the above
54The approach that begins with a comprehensive lifestyle assessment, and which stresses family constellation and early memories, is:
- AAdlerian therapy
- Bpsychoanalytic therapy
- Cexistential therapy
- Dfamily systems therapy
- Enone of the above
55Rollo May and Viktor Frankl are associated with which approach to therapy?
- Aperson-centered therapy
- BGestalt therapy
- Cpsychoanalytic therapy
- Dexistential therapy
- Enone of the above
56Which of the following is NOT associated with behavior therapy?
- Afocus on cognitive patterns
- Bfocus on exploring repressed childhood feelings
- Cocus on specific target behaviors
- Dfocus on learning responses
57Which of the following techniques would not likely be used by the person-centered therapist?
- Ainterpretation of dreams
- Bactive listening
- Creflection
- Dclarification
- Ecaring confrontations
58Systematic desensitization is a technique used in which approach?
- AAdlerian therapy
- Bexistential therapy
- CGestalt therapy
- Dbehavior therapy
- Enone of the above
59A contribution of behavior therapy is that it:
- Ais a pragmatic approach based on experimental validation of the results.
- Bgives a rationale for explaining self-defeating behavior.
- Cfocuses on insight.
- Demphasizes freedom, choice, and deciding.
60All of the following are a part of the Gestalt therapy system except:
- Aunfinished business.
- Bstriving for superiority.
- Cenergy and blocks to energy.
- Davoidance.
61Identify the word or phrase in the following series of five that does not fit with the other four items:
- Alife stages
- Bdevelopmental crises
- Cpsychosocial stages
- Dstress inoculation training
- Ecritical tasks
62Identify the word or phrase in the following series of five that does not fit with the other four items:
- Afictional finalism
- Bbasic mistakes
- CA-B-C theory
- Dsocial interest
- Estyle of life
63When considering using psychoanalytic approaches for working with diverse populations, the counselor should pay close attention to which of the following factors?
- AAttend to the client's attitude toward introspection, rationality, and psychological analysis
- BIncorporate the client's unique interpersonal context into the counseling process
- CAdapt conceptualization and interventions to client needs and realities
- DAll of the above
64When a brief psychodynamic counselor uses an opportunity in session to clarify with clients and work through old childhood traumas and relational patterns that may show up in the counseling relationship, this is referred to as:
- ACultural assessment
- BClient-counseling encounter
- CCorrective emotional experience
- DCountertransference
65Jung believed in the idea of a collective unconscious. This was __________ the conscious and unconscious mind described by Freud.
- AIn lieu of
- BIn addition to
- CSuperior to
- DInferior to
66Empathy is required of all good counselors. Which option below is the best definition of empathy?
- AThe feeling of pity or sorrow for someone else
- BThe ability to grasp another's internal reality
- CThe willingness to forgive somebody
- DThe ability to feel regret
67Which of the following is an accurate definition of countertransference?
- AWhen a counselor projects back onto a client in a way that negates therapeutic neutrality
- BWhen a counselor keeps their emotional reactions toward the client out of counseling
- CWhen a counselor has insight into their unconscious reactions to their clients
- DWhen a counselor shares an undesirable feeling about a client with the client
68Psychoanalytic and psychodynamic approaches in counseling are considered depth psychologies, because they explore __________.
- ACurrent relationships
- BThe blank slate
- CThe unconscious mind
- DThe here and now
69Freud's drive theory is comprised of the idea that the human psyche is fueled by the energy of instinctual drive. The energy of the system is known as:
- ASexuality
- BLibido
- CObject Relations
- DSuperego
70An analyst views symptoms presented by the client as expressions of__________ and also considers the primary and secondary gains of the symptom for the client.
- APsychotic conflict
- BInterpersonal gains
- CIntrapsychic conflict
- DNatural consequences
71One of the major differences between Erikson's psychosocial stages of development and Freud's psychosexual stages of development would be:
- AErickson's psychosocial stages of development extend across the lifespan
- BFreud's psychosexual stages of development extend across the lifespan
- CErickson's psychosocial stages of development are completed in childhood
- DFreud's psychosexual stages of development are completed in adulthood
72Both Freud and Jung used dream analysis as a hallmark technique in their work with clients. Which of the following statements below does NOT accurately reflect Jung's view of dreams and dream analysis?
- ADreams reveal unconscious material
- BDreams serve to deal with suppressed aggressive impulses
- CDreams are the unconscious expressing itself
- DDreams must be interpreted using the dreamer's unique meanings
73The counseling process in psychoanalysis is an intensive approach designed to create significant and sustainable personality change. Which of the following characteristics DO NOT apply to the process?
- AAnalysts meet with patients 3 to 5 days per week
- BAnalysts target very specific symptoms or problems
- CAnalysis-insight-working through-process repeats at deeper levels
- DAnalysis is an expensive endeavor for patients
74An individual who is able to spontaneously express need and desire while maintaining a clear distinction between self and other is believed to be the product of:
- ADistant mothering
- BChaotic mothering
- CGood enough mothering
- DPerfectionist mothering
75In general, current psychodynamic counseling involves three generic phases. Which of the following is correct?
- AListening, Interpretation, and Working Through
- BListening, Facilitation, and Advising
- CAssessment, Facilitation, Working Through
- DAssessment, Interpretation, Understanding
76Freud's three levels of consciousness include: the conscious, preconscious, and unconscious. Freud focused his work in which area of the consciousness?
- AConscious
- BPreconscious
- CUnconscious
- DPostconscious
77Archetypes can be defined as:
- AUnconscious universal patterns that can be traced across cultures and influence how people think, feel, and behave
- BUnorganized part of the personality that is motivated by instinctual drives
- CA part of a person's conscious mind that involves intellect, cognition, defense mechanisms, and other executive functions
- DHolds memories, thoughts, and desires that the conscious mind cannot tolerate and is the source of innate drives
78In Freudian and ego psychology, analysts typically maintain a neutral relation to clients to provide a "blank slate" upon which clients can project unconscious material. This neutral stance also provides what?
- AThe client connection to their frustration, in order to get at deeper feelings
- BThe analyst the opportunity to examine their countertransference on the client
- CThe analyst to allow for transference, by carefully observing the client's process
- DThe client the opportunity to discuss topics not related to the presenting problem
79Freudian analysts conceptualize client problems by examining how the __________ manages ongoing conflicts between the __________'s drives and the __________'s prohibitions.
- ASuperego/Id/Ego
- BId/Ego/Superego
- CEgo/Id/Superego
- DEgo/Superego/Id
80Transference can best be defined by which statement below?
- AThe counselor ascribing a personal thought, feeling, or impulse to the client
- BThe client projecting attributes from unresolved issues with primary caregivers to the counselor
- CThe counselor identifying with the experiences and feelings of the client
- DThe client's confusion of past experiences with the present reality
81Object relations theorists are most concerned with how an infant internalizes relationships in the first three years of life and the impact of those relationships on adult personality development. Relationships with whom become the templates for all future relationships?
- ACaregivers
- BSiblings
- CDaycare Providers
- DPlaymates
82To be clear, Freudian psychoanalysis is considered the root of all psychodynamic approaches. This type of treatment approach is characterized by all of the following concepts EXCEPT:
- AAnalyst warmth
- BA couch
- CLong term
- DMultiple weekly sessions
83Adler's approach to counseling has been characterized as:
- AA feminist-multicultural approach
- BA humanistic-cognitive-behavioral approach
- CA postmodern-family systemic approach
- DAn analytic-behavioral-cognitive approach
84Adler suggested that people's futures are not defined by their pasts, but rather that people have __________ in how they approach their lives.
- APower
- BChoice
- CDifficulty
- DClues
85Which of the following IS NOT a general guideline for Adlerian counselors offering interpretation of the purpose of a client's symptoms:
- AThe interpretation should avoid globally labeling the person
- BThe overall tone of the interpretation process should be encouraging
- CThe interpretation should be offered as an unquestionable truth
- DThe interpretation should focus on the goal or purpose of a behavior
86Which of the statements below is TRUE regarding the usefulness of the Adlerian approach with diverse populations?
- AThe emphasis on social interest is particularly appropriate for cultures that value family and community over individuality.
- BThe emphasis on spirituality is consistent with values in many traditional cultures and ethnic groups.
- CThe emphasis on childhood experiences and memories may not seem relevant to people who do not share the dominant Western assumption that these events shape a person's personality.
- DAll of the above
87"To see with the eyes of another, to hear with the ears of another, to feel with the heart of another" describes what characteristic of Adlerian counselors?
- AEncouragement
- BDirective
- CEgalitarian
- DEmpathy
88The idea that humans are innately social creatures relates to Adler's notion of social interest or community feeling which can be defined as which of the following?
- AA person subjectively experiencing a sense that he/she has something in common with other people, is a part of a community, and benefits from cooperating with others in the community.
- BA person's striving toward meaningful activity, success, and achievement with purposeful and goal-oriented behavior.
- CA person striving for superiority and betterment of self by developing a characteristic set of attitudes and assumptions that help a person make sense of life.
- DNone of the above
89Once psychoeducational material has been delivered by the Adlerian counselor and understood by the client, the next part of the counseling session should focus on task setting. This involves:
- APlanning what the counselor and client will work on in the next session of therapy
- BFinding a way for the client to implement the idea in his/her life outside of session to solve a current problem
- CAsking the client to think of all the ways the information has applied the client's life in the past
- DProviding the client with more psychoeducation
90In an egalitarian counseling relationship between the counselor and the client, the client will:
- ASee the counselor as the expert on the client's life
- BSee the counselor as completely neutral in the therapeutic process
- CMaintain a sense of agency and choice in the therapeutic process
- DMaintain a sense of indifference between him or her self and the counselor
91In the Adlerian approach, the long-term goal of wellness refers to:
- ALife, love, and the pursuit of happiness
- BPhysical, emotional, and social wellbeing
- CThe American Dream
- DNot being ill
92Systematic Training for Effective Parenting (STEP) is a promising evidence-based parenting program based on Adlerian principles that uses __________, __________, and __________to improve child behaviors and parent-child relations.
- ANatural consequences, encouragement, and appreciation
- BEncouragement, motivation, and reframing
- CEncouragement, appreciation, and motivation
- DChallenging, encouragement, and appreciation
93A great way for Adlerian counselors to assess the underlying purpose or role that symptoms may have for the client is:
- AUsing The Question
- BDream Analysis
- CAssessing basic mistakes
- DExploring early recollections
94If an Adlerian counselor made the statement "The upside of worrying is that you tend to be good with details," she would be doing what to encourage clients?
- ALying
- BEmbellishing
- CReframing
- DChallenging
95Adler used early childhood recollections as a means for understanding a person's style of life. Which of the following questions is most appropriate for assessing earliest recollections?
- ACan you describe the role of each child in the family?
- BDid you have favorite strategies for getting your way?
- CWhen you think back over your childhood, what are your earliest memories?
- DDescribe your relationship to your parents as a child?
96Adlerian counseling involves four stages. During the first phase of counseling, the focus is what?
- ACounselors making a positive, warm connection with their clients
- BCounselors assessing clients' style of life and private logic
- CCounselors helping clients to gain better self-understanding
- DCounselors challenging clients to take action and change their lives.
97Adler's Individual Psychology departed from his colleagues Freud and Jung on numerous issues. In one issue, Adler posited that a person must be seen __________, as a unified personality or "individual."
- AHolistically
- BSocially
- CSubjectively
- DRealistically
98An Adlerian counselor is going to assess a client's life style. Which of the following statements best describes the life style, style of life or style of living?
- AHow a person characteristically responds to others and the environment
- BA person's fundamental beliefs about what is valuable in life, what is ideal, and what is to be avoided
- CThe self, personality, unity of the personality, individuality, method of facing problems, opinion of self, view of life problems, and general attitude towards life
- DAll of the Above
99In the late phase, clients work toward developing habits of living that promote wellness and social interest in all six areas of functioning. What are the six area of functioning?
- Awork, friendship, love, self acceptance, wholeness, and parenting
- Bwork, friendship, love, self reliance, spirituality, and parenting
- Cachievement, friendship, love, self acceptance, spirituality, and parenting
- Dwork, friendship, love, self acceptance, spirituality, and parenting
100Which of the following statements is NOT TRUE about the process of promoting insight in Adlerian work?
- AAdlerians collaboratively work with their clients to find meaningful interpretations of client motivations.
- BAdlerians rely on the counselor's objective perspective to determine the correct interpretation.
- CAdlerians use insight as an impetus to take action and make changes.
- DAdlerians offer possible interpretations of behavior by underlying motivations for problems.
101Each of the following are tips for effectively providing psychoeducation to clients EXCEPT:
- APractice explaining concepts to your family and friends
- BAsk clients if they are open to learning about a certain concept
- C Keep going with the psychoeducational information until the client gets it
- DOnly try to teach one concept, point, or skill in a session
102The Adlerian approach is characterized by its deliberate efforts to encourage the client. Which of the following statements most accurately describes encouragement in the Adlerian counseling context?
- AVerbally saying, "This is something I believe you can do."
- BA warm, "I-feel-your-pain" sentiment from the counselor
- CUsing counselor self-disclosure to help clients develop hope
- DExpressing unconditional positive regard toward the client
103When a client is describing an intense emotional experience and reports feeling very angry but smiles while telling the story, a person-centered counselor might use which intervention to address discrepancies in the client’s presentation?
- AReflecting
- BClarifying
- CImmediacy
- DConfrontation
104When a person-centered counselor focuses on the process in counseling, this means what?
- AThe counselor focuses on how the client interacts with self and others
- BThe counselor consistently redirects clients to negative thoughts and feelings
- CThe counselor pays close attention to the stories clients tell
- DThe counselor boldly confronts client inconsistencies
105When a counselor asks, “Can you say more about what you mean by feeling angry?” This is an example of what type of question?
- AClarifying
- BListening
- CReflecting
- DSummarizing
106Phenomenology is the study of the internal, subjective world. What person-centered intervention is most important for attending this internal world of clients?
- AClarifying
- BSummarizing
- CReflecting
- DListening
107Which of the following is the overarching goal in person-centered counseling?
- APersonality change
- BSelf actualization
- CIndividuation
- DCongruence
108In person-centered counseling the focus of the approach is on?
- AHow things happen
- BSymptoms
- CProblems
- DWhat happens
109Person-centered counselors view what as the primary vehicle for change?
- AThe counselor’s interpretations
- BThe counseling relationship
- CThe counselor’s interventions
- DA brand new sports car
110What is the fundamental instrument of change in person-centered counseling?
- AAnalysis of dreams
- BThe client
- CThe counselor
- DFocused Attending
111Humanistic counseling approaches are grounded in a type of philosophy that examines a person’s subjective inner reality. This is known as what?
- APhenomenological philosophy
- BGrounded philosophy
- CConfrontational philosophy
- DPostmodern philosophy
112The research and evidence base related to the existential approach for counseling indicate the most important quality in counseling is what?
- AThe counseling relationship
- BThe theoretical orientation
- CThe interventions
- DThe instillation of hope
113Existentialists maintain that a person's __________ plays a significant role in their presenting problem/psychopathology.
- AFear of death
- BSelf consciousness
- CResponsibility
- DSelf awareness
114Which of the following characteristics best describes the stance of existential counselors?
- ACruel and uncaring
- BReassuring and supportive
- CPromoting responsibility and independence
- DStating: "I'm right there with you."
115Existential counseling and person-centered counseling work toward what common, over-arching goal?
- ACuring mental illness
- BDealing with crises in identity
- CHelping people live more authentic and self-actualized lives
- DFostering healthy relationships with others
116Many existentialists believe that life is inherently __________. Existential counselors work with clients to help clients find life __________.
- AMeaningless/Meaning
- BFulfilling/Fulfillment
- CPredetermined/Determination
- DPurposeful/Purpose
117Existential counselors rely most heavily on which of the following to promote change for their clients?
- AA special agent
- BThe counseling relationship
- CThe counselor's interventions
- DThe counselor's interpretation
118Systematic desensitization, a form of __________, is a technique frequently used with anxieties and phobias in which a client begins with a low intensity image and increasingly works toward direct contact with the stressful stimulus.
- AClassical conditioning
- BOperant conditioning
- CReinforcement and punishment
- DToken economics
119Unlike cognitive-behavioral theory, where how a person thinks about something is directly related to the cause of psychological problems, Glasser posits that the _________ people make determine the quality of their lives.
- AReactions
- BChoices
- CImpact
- DChanges
120Reality theory behavioral analysis involves the __________ system.
- AWDEP
- BREBT
- CBASIC-ID
- DMBSR
121When using the DEF intervention of Ellis' A-B-C theory, cognitive-behavioral counselors specifically target __________ beliefs, which tend to be more emotionally charged and cause more problems for clients.
- A"hot"
- B"warm"
- C"cool"
- D"cold"
122Which of the statements below is CORRECT in describing the way empathy is used in cognitive-behavioral counseling?
- ATo create rapport with clients so the counselor can intervene to change the client's behaviors, thoughts and emotions.
- BTo help the client be open to non-defensively hearing the therapist's interpretation of unconscious dynamics.
- CTo encourage clients to identify, experience, and critically reflect upon their emotional inner experiences.
- DTo empower clients to transfer learning in session to address areas of concern in their everyday lives.
123According to Beck, depressed thinking is characterized by thoughts such as: "I'm worthless;" "life is unfair;" and "things will never get better." These thoughts are referred to as what?
- ABASIC-ID
- BIrrational Beliefs
- CNegative Cognitive Triad
- DFunctional analysis
124According to a cognitive-behavioral counselor, what fuels feelings such as depression or anxiety?
- APersonality
- BCulture
- CBeliefs
- DExperience
125When a cognitive-behavioral counselor asks a client to log the frequency, duration, and severity of specific symptoms, the counselor is looking for what?
- AProblem behaviors
- BBaseline functioning
- CPrecursory functioning
- DNatural consequences
126In cognitive behavioral-counseling, the clients' beliefs can be slowly eroded over time by the therapist inviting the client to question and re-question the validity of their beliefs in various situations. This process is known as what?
- APsychoeducation
- BSocratic method
- CEmpty Chair Technique
- DThought Recording
127Considered the third wave of behavioral approaches, Mindfulness practices emphasize what to promote change?
- AObservation of the mind and acceptance of thoughts and feelings
- BHow people choose everything they do
- CConfrontation to dispute irrational beliefs
- DModifying dysfunctional thinking and beliefs
128he foundation for dysfunctional thinking, __________ are the root of psychopathology according to Beck.
- AAutomatic thoughts
- BCore beliefs
- CIntermediate beliefs
- DDysfunctional schemas
129Unlike psychodynamic or humanistic goals that target personality change, cognitive behavioral counseling is focused on individuals becoming:
- AIndependent problem solvers
- BAble to change the structure of their psyche
- CBetter in relationships with others
- DMore authentic in how they live their lives
130Each of the following statements: "I can develop a plan to do deal with the stress" and "One step at a time; I can handle this," is an example of what?
- APositive self talk
- BSocratic Questioning
- CGuided discovery
- DClassical conditioning
131Stress inoculation training helps clients to change their __________ and increase coping skills.
- AFaulty cognitions
- BDistorted thinking
- CNegative self talk
- DNone of the above
132It can be said that the overarching goal of cognitive-behavioral counseling is what?
- APersonality Change
- BFreeing the Unconscious
- CSymptom management
- DImproving relationships
133Which of the following statements is true regarding cognitive-behavioral counseling and DSM diagnosis?
- ACognitive-behavioral counselors have long challenged the practice of DSM diagnosis as an oppressive practice.
- BCognitive-behavioral counselors do not use DSM classifications for the treatment of their clients
- CCognitive-behavioral counselors explain the diagnosis so that the client fully understands the process and how it will help.
- DCognitive-behavioral counselors organize treatment using DSM diagnosis.
134Which of the statements below is TRUE regarding the essence of all cognitive approaches?
- AOur thoughts about a situation-not the situation itself-are the source of emotional and behavioral problems
- BOur feelings about a situation-not the situation itself-are the source of emotional and behavioral problems
- COur responses to a situation-not the situation itself-are the source of emotional and behavioral problems
- DOur comments about a situation-not the situation itself-are the source of emotional and behavioral problems
135Schemas, according to Beck, are what?
- ACognitive frameworks in the mind, organizing and shaping thoughts, feelings, and behaviors
- BBeliefs are about ourselves
- CExtreme or absolute rules that are more general and shape automatic thoughts
- D"Knee-jerk" reactions to distressing situations that run through a person's mind
136Behavioral, cognitive, and cognitive-behavioral approaches are a group of related counseling methods that emphasize achieving changes in behaviors, cognition, and __________.
- AAction
- BAffect
- CAttitude
- DApproach
137Each of the following: selective abstraction, overgeneralization, and dichotomous thinking, are examples of what in cognitive-behavioral counseling?
- ACognitive distortions
- BSchemas
- CCore beliefs
- DIrrational beliefs
138When a client comes into counseling and does not have a complaint, but others generally have a complaint about the client, this type of counseling relationship is referred to as what?
- AVisitor-Type Relationship
- BComplainant-Type Relationship
- CCustomer-Type Relationship
- DNone of the above
139Solution-based counseling usually involves clients leaving the first session with what?
- ATheir problem resolved
- BThe cause of their problem
- CAction steps toward solutions
- DAnswers to their problems
140The idea that solution-based counselors make no assumptions about a client's unique experiences and understandings of their problems is referred to as what?
- AChanneling language
- BEchoing Client's Key Words
- CBeginner's Mind
- DOptimism and Hope
141Assessing client strengths can be achieved by what?
- ADirectly asking about strengths, hobbies, and areas of life that are going well
- BListening carefully for exceptions to problems
- CIdentifying potential areas in which the "weakness" is a strength
- DAll of the above
142Which of the following statements is NOT an appropriate example of compliments used by solution-based counselors?
- AYou really are a great mom.
- BYou not only followed through on the chart idea we developed last week but you came up with your own additional strategies.
- CYou made real progress toward your goal this week.
- DYou have worked really hard this week to talk with your son on the phone.
143Each of the following questions-"Are there any times when the problem is less likely to occur or be less severe?" "Can you think of a time when you expected the problem to occur but it didn't?" "Are there places or times when the problem is not as bad?"-are examples of what type of question?
- APre-suppositional questions
- BCoping questions
- CScaling questions
- DException questions
144The difference between the following two statements: "you aren't feeling understood" versus "you were not feeling understood by your boyfriend last Saturday," is an example of what?
- AChanneling language
- BEchoing Client's Key Words
- CBeginner's Mind
- DOptimism and Hope
145Solution-focused school counseling is based on which one of the five assumptions?
- ABig problems require big solutions.
- BClients need resources to make changes.
- CIf it works, do more of it.
- DCooperative relationships are necessary for solutions.
146In solution-based approaches, the counselor collaborates with the client to envision __________ for the problem.
- AAlternatives
- BSolutions
- CStrategies
- DExplanations
147"If 0 is where you were when you decided to seek help and 10 is where you would be if the problem you came here for was resolved, where are you today?" is an example of what type of intervention?
- APre-suppositional questions
- BCoping questions
- CThe Miracle question
- DScaling questions
148Utilizing the previous case example, how might a solution-based counselor assess the client's description of solutions and motivate the client to change?
- AUse the miracle question
- BIdentify exceptions
- CUse scaling questions
- DAll of the above
149In solution-based counseling, __________ are viewed as intimately connected with a client's context, but are not considered curative.
- ASolutions
- BStrengths
- CEmotions
- DProblems
150Why is solution-based counseling appropriate for working with diverse populations?
- AIt focuses on identifying client's strengths
- BIt uses a theory of health to predefine client goals
- CIt uses an established set of values and meaning systems
- DNone of the above
151In the beginning of counseling, goals should focus on what?
- AOne small change
- BBroad changes
- CDaily change
- DCounselor prescription
152Solution-based counselors believe that __________ is inevitable and always possible.
- AHappiness
- BChange
- CSatisfaction
- DHope
153When a client identifies a problem to be worked on in counseling, but generally expects the counselor to be the primary source of change, this type of counseling relationship is referred to as what?
- AComplainant-Type Relationship
- BVisitor-Type Relationship
- CCustomer-Type Relationship
- DNone of the above
154The following statement: "Over the next week, I want you to generate a list of the things in your life and relationships that you do not want to have changed by therapy. Notice small things as well as big things that are working right now," is an example of what type of intervention?
- AThe miracle question
- BAssuming Future Solution
- CScaling Question
- DFormula first session task
155Solution-focused counseling in schools focused on anger management, study skills, divorce, etc., can be addressed successfully using what type of counseling arrangement?
- AIndividual sessions
- BGroup Sessions
- CFamily sessions
- DBoth A and B
156The role of the counselor in narrative counseling is often described as what?
- ACo-author
- BExpert
- CCoach
- DDiagnostician
157The process of solution-based counseling is described as __________ rather than __________, highlighting that the problem is not necessarily related to the solution.
- ASolution building/Problem solving
- BProblem focused/ Solution focused
- CCollaborative/Individual
- DIndividual/collaborative
158A story or subplot in which the problem-saturated story does not play out in its typical way, with no dramatic ending or particularly notable outcome, is referred to as what?
- AUnique outcome
- BProblem narrative
- CHappy ending
- DDull story
159In narrative counseling, the counselor helps clients create more balanced descriptions of the events of their lives to enable clients to build more accurate and appreciative descriptions of themselves and others. This process is referred to as:
- AThickening Descriptions
- BEnacting Preferred Narratives
- CMeeting the Person
- DSeparating Persons from Problems
160According to Michael White, problems do not exist separate from their socio-cultural context, which means narrative counselors integrate societal and cultural issues into the core conceptualization of how problems form and are resolved. This is referred to as what?
- ADominant discourses
- BDominant hand
- CDominant choice
- DDominant group
161In narrative counseling, separating people from their problems to create space for new identities and life stories to emerge is referred to as what?
- AExternalizing
- BListening
- CEnacting
- DSolidifying
162Similarly to solution-based counselors, narrative and collaborative counselors focus on the client's what?
- AIndependence
- BStrengths
- CPower
- DProblems
163All of the following EXCEPT which one are examples of interventions used to develop and solidify preferred narratives and identities for clients?
- ALetters
- BLeagues
- CReflecting teams
- DAll of the above
164Collaborative approaches in counseling are considered ideal for working with diverse populations for which of the following reasons?
- AThey have international roots and are practiced in numerous countries around the world
- BThey place societal issues of oppression at the heart of counseling interventions
- CThey do not have pre-established theories of health
- DAll of the above
165In a session with her 13-year-old teenage client Dani, a collaborative counselor, Rosealee, decided to share her concerns about her client planning to sneak out for a high school dance she had been invited to over the weekend. Rosealee invited Dani to explore the counselor's concerns, as well as how Dani might manage the risks she might face going out unsupervised with several older teenagers. This intervention is an example of what?
- AConversational Questions: Understanding from within the Dialogue
- B"Appropriately Unusual" Comments
- CBeing Public with Significant Differences in Values and Goals
- DAccessing Multiple Voices in Writing
166Similar to feminists, collaborative counselors maintain that the process of counseling is inescapably __________, and the counselor will likely be changed themselves because the same dialogical process that allows clients to change creates a context in which the counselor will also be changed.
- AExclusive
- BInteractive
- CMutual
- DDependent
167Which of the following statements regarding narrative counseling approaches is most accurate?
- AThe problem is separate from the person
- BPeople cause their problems.
- CProblems are intrinsic in the person
- DPeople become their problems
168The not-knowing in collaborative counseling refers to how counselors think about what they (think they) know and the intent with which they introduce this knowing (expertise, truths, etc.) to the client. This is an attempt to avoid what?
- AAssuming
- BExpertise
- CPower
- DControl
169The concept of "__________" helps focus the counselor's attention on sincerely valuing the clients' thoughts, ideas, and opinions about their lives.
- AClient as expert
- BClient as helpless
- CClient as hopeful
- DClient as curious
170Goals in narrative counseling focus on clients enacting preferred narratives, which involves increasing clients' sense of __________, the sense that they influence in the direction of their lives.
- AAgency
- BHappiness
- CIndependence
- DResponsibility
171In collaborative counseling, problems are not solved but rather__________; the participants' understandings evolve through dialogue, allowing for new thoughts, feelings, and actions.
- ADissolve
- BDisappear
- CDiminish
- DDie
172Asking questions such as "What do you do for fun?" "What do you like about living here?" and "Tell me about your friends and family," allows the narrative counselor to do what?
- AMeet the person for a good time
- BFind a new place to live
- CMeet the person apart from their problem
- DSchedule meaningful family time
173According to narrative counselors, the following statement: "A 'happy' and 'good' person should get married, get a stable, high-paying job, have kids, get a nice car, buy a house, volunteer at his/her child's school, and build a white-picket fence," is an example of what?
- AA unique outcome
- Ba dominant discourse
- CA problem-saturated story
- DAn alternative discourse
174In the broadest sense, the goal of Narrative Counseling is to help clients enact their preferred realities and identities. Which of the following is an example of a goal meeting these criteria?
- ASolidify a sense of personal identity that derives self worth from meaningful activities, relationship, and values rather than body size.
- BIncrease sense of responsibility for own problems and their resolution.
- CIncrease ability to identify and separate own feelings from that of others and ability to act on these feelings.
- DIncrease ability to set realistic expectations for self and other to increase acceptance.
175"Would it be okay if I ask you some questions about your sex life?" is an example of what type of question?
- APermission
- BExternalizing
- CScaffolding
- DInfluence
176Couples who choose not to have children, same-sex relationships, and immigrant families wanting to preserve their roots are all examples of what?
- AUnique outcomes
- BDominant discourses
- CAlternative discourses
- DProblem-saturated stories
177Who is the coolest member of the cohort??
- AShelly
- BDr. Greene
- CTrey Bae Bae
- DWhite Privilege
178How many Freudian Psychologists does it take to screw in a light bulb?
- ATwo. One to screw in the light bulb and one to hold the penis...I mean ladder!
- BI know, I know, i'm hilarious!
179Schrodinger's cat walks into a bar...
- Aand doesn't!
- BBazinga!
180I am totally and completely prepared for this final.
- AVerdadero
- BFalso
Información
- Descripción
- All questions from chapter quizzes (4-13)*, the practice final exam, and the pre-test we took at the beginning of the semester. *I only included a select amount of questions from chapters 6-8 from last semester.
- Autor
- fearerless
- Idioma
- English
- Visitas
- 7.172
- Etiquetas
- Valoración
- Aún sin valoraciones Valora este test