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Vision
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Preguntas del test (75)
1What percent of the cortex is engaged in visual process?
- A10%
- B50%
- C15%
- D25%
2The visible light spectrum ranges from____ to _____ nm
- A380 - 760
- B400-820
- C360 - 780
- D280 - 460
3In terms of wavelenghts, red light is ___ , green light is _____ , blue light is ______ .
- Ared - short
green - long
blue - medium - Bred - long
green - medium
blue - short - Cred - short
green - medium
blue - long - Dred - medium
green - short
blue - long
- Ared - short
4The Cornea is...
- Aan area in the left hemisphere of the brain which processes visual stimulus
- Bthe front curved surface of the eye which provides the most refraction
- Cthe photosensitive layer at the back of the eye which converts light into electric signals
- Dnone of the above
5In terms of the optics of they eye, the lense...
- Arefract light, casting an image onto the back of the eye
- Bprovides the ability to finely focus the image
- Callows for accommodation (fine focusing which is achieved through changing the shape of the lense)
- Dcontrols the pupil allowing in to dilate and constrict
- Econverts light into electrical signals
- Fprovides refraction to see a larger image
6In terms of the optics of the eye, the iris/pupil...
- Aallow it to dilate and constrict
- Bcan range from 2-8mm in diameter
- Ccan have a 16-fold change in area
- Doperates over a 1 million variation from dim to bright light
- Evaries in animals - cats have different shaped pupils to allow for more precise control
- Fallows the eye to fine focus
- Gconverts light into electrical signals
- Hdoes not change in shape at all to allow for a consistent visual field
- Iprotects the surface of the eye
7In terms of the optics of the eye, the retina...
- Ais a photosensitive layer at the back of the eye which converts light into electrical signals
- Bcontrols the size of the pupil allowing it to constrict and dilate
- Cis a curved structure at the surface of the eye which provides refraction
- Dcasts an image on the back of the eye and allows the eyes to accomodate
8Refractiv errors are errors associated with the...
- Acornea
- Blens
- Cpupil
- Dretina
9Hypermetropia, also know as far sightedness is when...
- AThe eye is too short for the optics - squished up ball shape
- BThe eye is too long for its optics - stretched out shape
- CThe cornea is lemon shaped instead of round
- DThe near point is receding
10The photosensitive layer at the back of the eye which converts light into electrical system consists off...
- Amultiple layers
- rod and cones
- horizontal cells
- bipolar cells
- amacrine cells
- ganglion cells
- optic nerve - Bconsists of one layer only - rods and cones
- Cconsists of three layers
- rods and cones
- bipolar cells
- optic nerve - Dconsists of multiple layers
- rod and cones
- purkinje cells
- bipolar cells
- pyrimidal cells
- dendritic cells
- tripolar cells
- gnanglion cells
- optic nerve
- Amultiple layers
11What is the fovea?
- AA dipped area in the eye - the centre of vision
- BA dipped area in the eye - a blind spot
- CA peaked area in the eye - the center or vision
- DA peaked are is the eye - a blind spot
12The term 'duplex retina' refers to what?
- AHaving two types of photoreceptors - rods and cones
- BHaving a split visual field
- CHaving two types of photoreceptors for different wavelengths of light
- DHaving two eyes
13The visual system used in extremely low level lighting...
- Ais known as scotopic vision
- Bis know as photopic vision
- Cuses 120 million rods
- Duses 6-7 million cones
- Ehas no color sensation
- Fhas good colour vision
- Ghas poor visual acuity
- Hhas good visual acuity
- Iuses the photopigment rhodospin
- Juses multiple photopigments
14Diurnal animals rely on scotopic vision therefore have almost all rod photoreceptors
- AVerdadero
- BFalso
15What is dark adaptation?
- AOccurs when switching from a bright well lit area to a dark poorly lit area
- BInitially blackness is seen because cones function poorly in low intensity lighting and rods are bleached from being in the well lit bright area
- CAfter 10 mins or so rods take over and become responsible for night vision.
- DAfter 30-40 mins rods peak in sensitivity
- EIs when cones take over rods when switching from dim to bright lights
- FAfter 15 minutes rods take over and become responsible for night vision
- G1 hour after dark exposure peak sensitivity is reached
16Peak sensitivity for rod-ons = ???
- A510nm
- B410nm
- C515nm
- D555nm
17Peak sensitivity for cones = ???
- A510nm
- B560nm
- C545nm
- D555nm
18The purkinje shift and spectral sensitivity both refer to...
- AThe shift in sensitivity to different colours in different lighting
- More sensitive to blue thing in dim lights - BThe process whereby long wave lenghts are seen easier in dim lights
- CThe process where purkinje cells take over during dim lighting
- DWhen cones turn into rods
- AThe shift in sensitivity to different colours in different lighting
19What approch was Fechner the founding father of?
- AThe phenomenological approach
- BThe psychophysical approach
- CThe anatomical approach
- DThe physiological approacb
20Which psychophysical method does the following statement describe?
The observer adjusts the stimulus from bellow threshold until it can be detected (or detected to below threshold)- AMethod of adjustment
- BMethod of limits
- CMethod of constant stimuli
21Which method of psychophysics does the following statement describe?
The experimenter presents the stimulus above or below the threshold and asks the observer is they detect the stimulus - they continue until the response reverses- AMethods of adjustment
- BMethod of limits
- CMethod of constant stimuli
22Which method of psychophysics does the following statement refer to?
several stimulus values are chosen to 'bracket' the assumed threshold, the stimuli is presented many times in a random order and a response curve is derived from percent of yes responses for given stimulus level - if the percent of times said yes is more than 50% then it is above the threshold- AMethod of limits
- BMethod of constant stimuli
- CMethod of adjustment
23In Hecht, Shlar and Pirenne (1942) - What is the least we can see? - what did they need to optimise in order for the experiment to be successful?
- Asubjects - dark adapted
- Bpresent light 20 degrees left of fixation point - 20 degrees right of the fixation point
- Cred fixation point - avoid gaze drifting
- Dsize of stimulus should be 10 min spot in diameter because 500 rods to 1 axon, if size exceeds this more photons will be needed to cause reaction (spatial summation)
- Estimulus - 1ms (temporal summation period)
510 nm because = peak sensitivity - FParticipants should be in bright light for clarity of vision
- GParticipants should be rewarded with food to keep motivation high
- HParticipants should be tied down to avoid movement distruption
24What was the result of the experiment?
- A90 photons striking the fovea produced visual sensations - with the estimation that only 9 photons were actually decteded 1 photon = 1 exited rod
- B60 photons = visual stimulation
- C10 photons = 1 excited rod
- D1000 photons striking the fovea produced visual sensations - with the estimation that only 90 photons were actually detected
25What was Molyneux's question to Locke?
- AIf a man is born blind and can distinguish objects by touch, will he be able to tell what they are by sight alone if he gains the ability to see?
- BIf a man is born with vision and turns blind, will he be able to distinguish an object by touch alone?
- CIf a man is born blind will he be able to draw pictures of things based on touch alone?
26Gregory and Wallace (1963) got the answer to Molyneux's Question when they had chance to study a man who was born blind, but sight as restored through a corneal graft - what was the answer to Molyneux's question?
- ACould recognize objects that he had had a lot of experience with - vision got better over time but distance and depth perception were problematic
- BHe could recognize most objects that he had previously come into contact with - however struggled with depth perception
- CHe could not recognize object based on sight alone he had to be taught to combine his previous knowledge of touch with the new visual information
- DHe could not recognize objects on sight alone, and despite several hours of training he was never able to do so
27Why is it difficult to study the visual perception of infants?
- AThey can't talk therefore have to develop new techniques to study them - eg preferential looking, infant psychophysics, habituation, anatomy
- BThey crawl around too much, refuse to stay still and defecate frequently
- CThey can't talk therefore new methods have been developed to tudy them - eg. Snellen chart, photopic goggles, sally anne test, brown beads test
- DThey cry too much
28In preferential looking, longer looking time is indicative of?
- APreference
- BBoredom
- CDisgust
- DTiredness
29In forced preferential looking:
1) two stimuli are presented
2) oberver guesses where the baby is looking
3) stimuli is made more similar
4) when baby does not look longer at one this indicates they have met their threshold- AVerdadero
- BFalso
30Habituation works under the assumptions that: babies attend to novel stimuli, level of interest decreases over time, if child notices a change in stimuli attention is revived.
- AVerdadero
- BFalso
31Scanning techniwues in infacts have found...
- ABabies tend to focus on more salient features of the face with age
- BBabies tend to focus more on moving things
- CBabies focus more on coloured things
- DBabies focus on surrounding areas
32Physiological techniques such as visual evoked potentials have been used to find....
- Acontrast sensitivity, spatial frequency (no. of stripes per square), visual acuity (very limited at birth develops over time)
- Bthe patterns of infants facial preference
- Cfacial preference, colour preference, shape preference
33Infants eye is a third of adult size
- AVerdadero
- BFalso
34Accommodation is a third of adult level
- AVerdadero
- BFalso
35Johnson et al found that neonates preferentially track moving face like stimuli
- AVerdadero
- BFalso
36Research into the visual system has found..
- Ainfants at 9mins old preferentially track faces
- B1 month olds discriminate between mothers and strangers faces
- Chabituate and discriminate to models
- DDepth perception in babies is innate
- EBabies have good visual acuity
- FBabies have the same level of accomodation as adults
37Bornstein et al found that 4 month old exhibit a preference for symmetry
- AVerdadero
- BFalso
38In field et al's research, a trap door opened to reveal a mother/strangers face or face and voice, looking time was measured to find neonates looked longer at mother - larger effect with voice
- AVerdadero
- BFalso
39Walton, Bowe and Bower did experiment with mother matched on basically all characteristics ever and creepy dummy sucking rate was measured - babies apaz showed preference for momma
- AVerdadero
- BFalso
40What we see is determined by the retinal image alone - the eye is like a camera
- AVerdadero
- BFalso
41Frazers spiral is a visual illusion consisting of concentric circles which look like a spiral
- AVerdadero
- BFalso
42Horizontal/vertical illusion are when horizontal lines look longer than vertical lines
- AVerdadero
- BFalso
43Greek architects were unaware of the Jastrow-Lipp illusion so as a result the Parthenon looks bowed
- AVerdadero
- BFalso
44Irradiation illusion refers to the fact that bright objects look larger than dim objects - architects compensate for this by building columns of different sizes depending on whether they would be seen in bright light or not
- AVerdadero
- BFalso
45Ambiguous figures is an optical illusion which has been exploited by a number of artists
- AVerdadero
- BFalso
46The law of pragnanz states that...
- A1) similar objects are grouped together
- B2)the most simple stable shape will be the one that is processed
- C3) visual elements that are in physical contact are seen as a single unit
- D4) elements that are moving together are percieved as a single unit
- E5) Close objects that are close together tend to be linked
- F6) Points that when connected follow straight or smoothly curving lines are seen as belonging together
- G7) Elements that are moving together are percieved as single units
47How do we differentiate between multiple objects?
- ASize - things of different sizes distinguish figure from background (smaller thing = figure)
- BTexture - difference in texture indicates two different objects
- CFigure is more likely to be central
- DSymmetrical contours tend to define figures
- ECircularity - circle objects more likely to be figure
- FFacial - things with facial looking features more likely to cause confusion
48Emmerts law states that; when 2 images of identical retinal size are perceived to be at different distances then the more distant will appear larger
- AVerdadero
- BFalso
49Size constancy means that the size of an object is obvious and not describes by the visual angle that is subtends at the eye
- AVerdadero
- BFalso
50The muller-lyer illusion (lines with arrow on) is due to the horizontal/vertical phenomenon
- AVerdadero
- BFalso
51What are the 3 different attributes of colour?
- Ahue
- Bbrightness
- Csaturation
- Dgradience
- Econtrast
- Fdepth
- Glightness
52Additive colour mixture is when colours are made by removing light from the mix
- AVerdadero
- BFalso
53Trichromatic theory of colour
- through mixing red, green or blue you can create any colour
- we have cones sensitive red, blue and green wavelengths- AVerdadero
- BFalso
54The opponent process suggests that
- cones are paired in terms of colour
- blue and yellow
- red and green
- no such thing as yellowish blue
- when one pair is active the other is suppressed- AVerdadero
- BFalso
55In what way do anomalous trichromats suffer?
- A1) Have 3 cones but require different proportions of the three mixing lights to obtain a colour match
- B2) Lack L-cone mechanism meaning they have reduced sensitivity to long wavelength (red) light
- C3) Lack M-cone mechanism meaning they have reduced sensitivity to medium wavelength (green) light)
- D4) Have rod vision only - can only see in black and white with visual acuity of around 6/60
56Accommodation and convergence are pictorial cues
- AVerdadero
- BFalso
57Accommodation is....
- Amonocular
- BWhen the lens changes shape to alter focus - round for near, flat for far
- CBinocular
- DWhen the eye rotates in order to change fixation - inwards for near, outwards for far
58Out of the following descriptions of pictorial cues, which one describes perspective?
- AC. Relative size/ familiar size, if we know what size the object should be we can use this information to gauge it distance
- BB. Closer objects obscure more distant ones
- CA. Cast shadows prvide information about relative distances between objects, dark patches interpreted as shadows indicating lighting from above - shadows give the perception of something being 3D
- DD. More distant objects have reduced contrast ( a blueish tint)
- EF. Objects that are closer move slower than more distant objects
- FG. Objects high in the field of view (on the ground plane) are viewed as more distant
59What the fuck is the horopter? ? ? ?
- AA small helicopter
- BAn imaginary plane through the fixation point that joins all corresponding points
- CThe ability to use retinal disparity as a cue to depth
- DThe theory that objects high in the field of view are seen as more distant
60Stereoacuity...
- Arefers to the smallest amount of disparity we can detect
- Bis equivalent to a depth distance of about 1mm from a viewing distance of 2m
- Cusing retinal disparity as a cue to see depth
- Dobjects high in the field of view are perceived as being more distant
61Marching two different images on a point to point basis in simple objects is known as local steropsis
- AVerdadero
- BFalso
62Select two tasks that are used to understand object recognition and diagnose abnormalities in object recognition.
- AThe moony face task
- BStylus maze
- CSally-Anne task
- DRadial maze task
63The ventral stream is also known as the where pathway. It goes from the visual cortex to the temporal lobe
- AVerdadero
- BFalso
64The dorsal stream is the WHERE stream - it goes from the visual cortex to the parietal lobe
- AVerdadero
- BFalso
65What hypothesis were proposed for poor performance of JS and VRD in the tasks?
- APoor IQ - diproved, both had very normal IQ's
- BInability to see - refuted by Ettlinger (1956)
- CSeperate processing for objects and spatial recognition - Underleider & Mishkin (1982)
- DDamage to the temporal frontal lobe
66What is visual agnosia?
- AA failure in object recognition which is not a result of a general intellectual or sensory impairment
- BA failure in object recognition which is a result of general intellectual impairment
- CA failure in object recognition which is a result of sensory impairment
- DA failure in object recognition due to impairment in the frontal lobe
67Associative agnosia is a percept stripped of meaning
- AVerdadero
- BFalso
68Apperceptive agnostia can neither copy nor match objects and have a profound impairment in shape recogniton
- AVerdadero
- BFalso
69Template theories of object representation suggest..
- AC) We compare incomping patterns against a set of stored templates, we are prepared for some variability because there are multiple templates for each pattern? - inelegant
- BB) Patterns are defined by critical local features rather than a global shape - eg. Capital A defined by two diagonal lines and a cross bar
- CA) Complex stimuli are composed of distinctive and seperable parts called features, pattern recognition is accomplished by counting the presence or absence of a checklist of feature
70People can shown recognition for a familiar face in <
- A0.5 seconds
- B5 seconds
- C10 seconds
- D0.10 seconds
71Bahrick et al, (1975) found that people could identify ___% of their school peers independent of class size and number of elapsed years
- A90
- B80
- C50
- D85
72Kolb, Milner and Taylor (1980) - facial recognition study
- A3 images, 1 mirror image of left side, 1 mirror image of right side - asked p's which one looked more like the original image
- BP's said right - falls into left visual field which is governed by right side on brain, where there is an area associated with facial recognition
- CComposite face study - 2 strangers - hard to identify
- DP's say left - falls into right which is governed by left visual field - where there is an area associated with facial recognition
73Levy , Trevarthen and Sparry - split brain patient study - composite faces
- Awhen asked which they could see would say right when asked to point would say left
- Bwhen asked they would say left, when asked to point they would say right
- Cthey would say left for both pointing and verbal response
- Dthey would say right for both pointing and verbal response
74What is Yins inversion effect?
- AHumans are very good at recognizing faces but very bad at recognizing them upside down
- BHumans are very good at face recognition, particularly upside down faces
- CHumans are very good at face recognition including upside down faces
- DHumans are inherently bad at facial recognition
75What is holistic processing and how does it explain why we are bad at inverted facial recognition
- Awe recognize faces based on the configuration of features as opposed to individual features - configuration is distorted
- Bwe recognize faces based on their individual features - features are distorted upside down
- Cwe process faces based on how much their features deviate from the norm
Información
- Descripción
- Test sobre Vision, creado por Emily Watts el 03/05/2015.
- Autor
- Emily Watts
- Idioma
- English
- Visitas
- 5
- Etiquetas
- Valoración
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