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Preguntas del test (175)
1A statistic calculated on a population is called a(n) ________.
- Aparameter
- Bestimate
- Cparameter or estimate, depending on the data set size
- Devil
2Which of the following is INCORRECTLY labeled?
- AA
- BB
- CC
- DD
3Which column (a-d) has correctly matched all the statements to the left with “sample”, “population”, and “both”?
- AA
- BB
- CC
- DD
4Which of the following has been INCORRECTLY labeled as a descriptive or inferential statistic?
- ADescriptive = the average of the sample was 10
- BDescriptive = the range of scores was 100
- CInferential = the average IQ in the population is probably 100 based on a study of 5000 individuals
- DAll of the above are correctly labeled
5In order for a sample to be unbiased, it must be _____.
- Aperfect
- Brepresentative of the population
- Ccarefully hand-picked
- Dat least half as big as the population
6Explain what it means to “randomly sample” from the population.
- AEvery person or thing has an equal chance of being included in the sample
- BYou’ve used the snowball (or dominos) method of recruiting participants
- CYou’ve invited who you think will confirm your hypothesis
- DYou’ve collected a sample guaranteed to be representative of the population
7Which of the following is a TRUE statement regarding inferential statistics?
- AInferential stats determine whether some truth discovered in a sample is probably unique to the sample and will not be found in the population
- BInferential stats determine whether some truth discovered in a population is probably unique to the population and will not be found in the sample
- CInferential stats are used to describe or summarize what’s going on in a sample or population
- DInferential stats are used to describe or summarize sample data only
8What do estimates estimate?
- ASamples
- BPopulations
- Cparameters
- Ddiddly-squat
9Which of the following is incorrectly defined as qualitative or quantitative?
- AA
- BB
- CC
- DD
10Define “independent variable”
- AThat which varies in complete disregard to everything else
- BThe variable manipulated by the experimenter to see if it has any effect on the DV
- CThe variable measured and recorded by the experimenter to see if it has been differentially influenced the levels of the DV
- DA variable that is extraneous (outside of and therefore independent) of the study
11Define “dependent variable”
- AThe variable that is unexplained
- BThe variable that is influenced or changed by the independent variable
- CThe variable that has no effect on anything
- DThe variable manipulated to see if it causes or otherwise changes some other variable
12A researcher is interested in the effect of glucose on memory. She gives ½ of her statscla ss a Pop Tart to eat immediately after the lecture, the other ½ got nothing. The next day, everyone took the same quiz. The mean for the Pop Tart group was 9.5, while the mean for the no Pop Tart group was 8.0.
What is the independent and dependent variable in the experiment described above?
- AA
- BB
- CC
- DD
13A(n) _____ is a variable that differs systematically between the levels of the IV, which then
provides an alternative explanation for any differences found between the levels.- Anuisance
- Bextraneous
- Cconfound
- Dpain in the a$$
14Which of the following has been misidentified as either a true IV or a subject IV?
- Aseat preference in class (front row, middle row, back row) : subject IV
- Bdrug condition (placebo, drug) : true IV
- Cpersonality (extraverted, introverted) : subject IV
- Dsnack given before a test (low carb, high carb) : subject IV
15Which of the studies below has been INCORRECTLY classified as either a descriptive study, quasi-experiment or experiment?
- AA researcher surveys local town residents on water conservation attitudes : descriptive study
- BA researcher tests the effect of sex (men and women) on heart rate as they watch a violent video: experiment
- CA researcher randomly assigns participants to one of two groups (color vs. black & white photos) to test the effect of photo type on mood: experiment
- DAll of the above have been correctly classified
16What kind of journals are the one’s which use “stats police” to ensure that the researcher is not trying to use misleading statistics?
- AScientific
- BScholarly
- CPeer-reviewed
- DCommunist
17Which of the following is INCORRECTLY paired?
- Aa true zero = ratio
- Bname tags = nominal
- Carbitrary zero & equal intervals = ordinal
- Dall of these are correctly paired
18Participants in an experiment are asked to score 5 Marilyn Manson songs according to the rubric 1 (not at all aversive) - 10 (extremely aversive).
These numbers belong to a(n) ______________ scale of measurement.- ANominal
- BOrdinal
- CInterval
- DRatio
19A researcher testing the effects of a new herbal supplement on weight loss measures the
participants’ change in weight (in lbs) 6 months after taking the herb (i.e. weight change =
weight before - weight after).
Weight change belongs to a(n) _____________ scale of measurement.- ANominal
- BOrdinal
- CInterval
- DRatio
20A researcher measures the amount (in ml) of Pepsi consumed in a sample of college
students. Which level of measurement is he using?- ANominal
- BOrdinal
- CInterval
- DRatio
21A student is asked to rank her favorite professors from most to least based on her
experiences with them in class. Which level of measurement is she most likely using?- ANominal
- BInterval
- COrdinal
- DRatio
22The tails of a normal distribution extend from _____ to ______.
- AGood to evil
- BRight to wrong
- Clow probability to high probability
- Dnegative infinity to positive infinity
23Mesokutic, leptokurtic and platykurtic refer to which general property of frequency distributions?
- Acentral location
- Bskewness
- Cdispersion
- Dkurtosis
24At the end of her lecture, a stats professor has each student score their stress level using a
1-20 point scale (1 = no stress, 20=extreme stress). She wants to use a graph to show the
frequency distribution of stress scores. Which graph should she use?- Aa. Frequency bar graph
- Bb. Frequency histogram
- Cc. Frequency polygon
- Dd. B or C are both good choices
25For which of the scenarios below is the graph type CORRECTLY identified if you wanted to illustrate the frequency distribution?
- AInterval variable : use a histogram or polygon
- BRatio variable : use a bar graph
- CNominal or ordinal variable : use a histogram or polygon
- DAll of the above are correct
26Another name for a line graph is a(n) __________.
- Apolygraph
- Bpolygon
- Chistogon
- D“too far gone”
27Which of the following is the BEST and most complete definition for “measure of central tendency”.
- Aaverage
- Bthe center of gravity for a set of scores
- Ca typical/representative number summarizes the set of scores from which it came
- Da tendency to move toward the center of something
28What are the 3 most commonly used measures of central tendency?
- ALarry, Moe, and Curly
- Bfrequency, probability, and normality
- Cmean, standard deviation, variation
- Dmean, median, mode
29.
- Asmaller
- Blarger
- Cno different
- Dit depends on the data set
30Which of the following is NOT one of the three properties of the mean
- Aa
- Bb
- Cc
- Dd
31What is the best definition for the MODE?
- Athat which is in fashion
- Bthe score that occupies the middle rank
- Cthe score that is the center of gravity
- Dthe most frequent score
32Where would the mean, median, and mode be located in a normal distribution?
- Amean in the left tail, median in the right tail, mode in the middle
- Bmedian in the left tail, mean in the right tail, mode in the middle
- Call three would be located in the exact middle of the distribution
- Dit depends what the normal distribution looks like, duh!
33When will interval or ratio frequency distributions have a mean, median, and a mode?
- Aall of the time
- Bsome of the time
- Cnever
- Dwhen pigs fly
34As sample size increases, the value of the estimate gets closer to the value of the parameter. These kinds of estimates are called _________ estimates
- Aaccurate
- Btheoretical
- Cconsistent
- Dunbiased
35.
- A0
- B1
- C100
- DUndetermined
36Outliers act like a “magnet” for which measure of central tendency?
- Amean
- Bmedian
- Cmode
- Doutliers “magnetize” all 3 equally
37Which two measures of central tendency are considered to be “insensitive”?
- Amean and mode
- Bmean and median
- Cmedian and mode
- Dthere is only one, and it’s the median
38In a skewed distribution, the ___ is generally considered to be the BEST average to use.
- Amedian
- Bmode
- Cmean
- Daverage that gives you what you want
39.
- Aa popular fraternity on campus
- Bstandard deviation of the population
- Cstandard deviation of the sample
- Dvariance of the population
40.
- Asigma
- Bthe average distance that scores are to the population mean
- Cthe average distance that scores are to the sample mean
- Dthe average absolute distance that scores are to the population mean
41Which of the following is INCORRECTLY matched?
- Aa
- Bb
- Cc
- Dd
42Data set A has a variance of 16. Data set B has a standard deviation of 5. Which data set is the most variable?
- Adata set A
- Bdata set B
- CThey are equally variable
- DNot enough information to answer the question
43If the expected value of an estimate does NOT equal the parameter for that estimate, this would mean that the estimate is ____
- Aa consistent estimate
- Ba biased estimate
- Can unbiased estimate
- D"skewed” - get it? :)
44Assume you have the population { 1, 2, 3, 4 } and you want to exhaustively sample using n = 3. Which of the following is true?
- AIt is possible to do this, but it would take a lifetime
- BThere would be 24 different samples total
- CThere would be 4 different samples total
- DNot enough information to answer the question
45Parameters can ___ be biased
- Anever
- Brarely
- Csometimes
- Doften
46.
- Ayes : because the sample mean is biased
- Byes : because the sample mean is just an estimate
- Cno : because the sample mean is unbiased
- Dno : because the sample mean is consistent
47If n-1 is not used in the formula for variance of the sample, S2 will have a consistent tendency to ____ the population variance.
- Aequal
- Bover-estimate
- Cunderestimate
- Dhave an unpredictable effect on
48Order the distributions – platykurtic, leptokurtic, and mesokurtic in order from least to most variable.
- Aplatykurtic --> leptokurtic --> mesokurtic
- Bleptokurtic --> mesokurtic --> platykurtic
- Cplatykurtic --> mesokurtic --> leptokurtic
- Dmesokurtic --> leptokurtic --> platykurtic
49Which of the following is NOT one of the reasons why the mean is the most preferred average to use in most cases?
- Ait is a consistent estimate
- Bit is an unbiased estimate
- Cit is the most sensitive estimate
- Dyou can perform the most math on it
50.
- AUndetermined
- BZero
- COne
- DWhatever S is in the raw score distribution
51The area under the Z curve tells you ________
- AFrequency
- BProbability
- CVariability
- DSkewness
5299% of all raw scores will equal a Z score between ______ and _______
- A+/- 1
- B+/- 1.96
- C+/- 2.58
- D+/- 3
53How many raw scores does 1 standard deviation unit on Z equal?
- Aa
- Bb
- Cc
- Dd
54What does a Z score tell you about the raw score?
- Aa. If the raw score is above or below the mean of its distribution
- Bb. How far away the raw score is from the mean of its distribution
- Cc. If the raw score is positive or negative
- Da and b are true
- Ea, b, and c are true
55Assume you have two distributions. Distribution A has a mean of 10 and s = 2. Distribution B has a mean of 15 and s = 4. If the Z score for A is -2, and the Z score for B is +1, who did better, relative to their respective distributions?
- AThey performed equally well
- BA did better
- CB did better
- Dnot enough information to tell
56A professor calculates the mean for Test 1 and the mean for Test 2. They turn out to be 86 and 91 respectively. 86 will convert to a Z score equal to __ and 91 will convert to a Z score equal to ___
- A-1 and 1
- B0 and 1
- C-1 and 0
- D0 and 0
57What is the % probability of getting a Z score above 2.58? Tip – draw!
- A5%
- B2.5%
- C1%
- D1/2%
58The Z table will not tell us the probability of getting ___________
- Abetween 2 scores
- Babove a score
- Cbelow a score
- Da specific score
59Any Z score beyond ________ and ________ is considered an outlier
- A+/- 1
- B+/- 1.96
- C+/- 2
- D+/- 2.58
60What percentage of Z scores are above zero?
- A0%
- B50%
- C100%
- Dneed more info
61Use an online Z table or app to find the Z score which corresponds to an area equal to 39.80% (note: this is the shaded area on the graph below)
- A.26
- B.398
- C1.27
- D1.45
62Z and t are alike in many ways. Which of the following is NOT one of them?
- ABoth are normally distributed
- BBoth are hypothetical
- CFor both distributions, areas under the curve depend on degrees of freedom
- DFor both distributions, the mean = 0
63When would the t and Z distributions be “indistinguishable to the naked eye”?
- Aalways
- Bnever
- Cwhen n < 30
- Dwhen n > 30
64If we exhaustively sampled from the population, calculated S2 for each sample, then plotted all the S2, this distribution would be referred to as what kind of distribution?
- Aa sampling distribution
- Ba sampling distribution of the mean
- Ca sampling distribution of standard deviations
- Da sampling distribution of variances
65What is S sub X-bar and what is it used for?
- ASEM : used to calculate sampling error
- Bestimate of SEM : used to estimate sampling error
- Cstandard variance : used to calculate variability
- Ds sub x bar : a substandard measure of sampling error
66Assume you have the following two samples:
sample A { 2, 4, 3, 5, 4, 6, 3, 2 }
sample B { 3, 32, 4, 14, 12, 2, 3, 1 }
Sample ___ would have a higher SEM and sample ___ would have a M probably closer to µ.- AA : A
- BA : B
- CB : B
- DB : A
67If the variability among estimates is high, this means sampling error is ____ and the accuracy of our estimates is probably _______
- Ahigh : low
- Bhigh : high
- Clow : low
- Dlow : high
68If you exhaustively sample, the mean of the sampling distributions of differences will be equal to ________.
- A0
- Bmyu
- CZ
- Dnot enough information to answer the question
69Define standard error of the mean.
- Aaverage squared distance the mean of the sample is to the mean of the population
- Baverage distance the mean of the sample is to the mean of the population
- Caverage standard score for the sample
- Da statistic invented purely to torture students of statistics
70If SEM is large, what does this say about the a) accuracy of M and b) the amount of sampling error we have?
- APoor : a lot
- BProbably poor : a lot
- CGood : not a lot
- DProbably good : not a lot
71A single number is used to estimate the parameter. This is the definition for a(n) ______
- Aconfidence interval
- Bpoint estimate
- Cinterval estimate
- D“shot in the dark” estimate
72Which of the following best describes a confidence interval?
- Aa. a range of numbers is drawn around the point estimate to estimate the parameter
- Ba range a range of numbers is drawn around the point estimate for the parameter, and a probability is attached to the interval that it will include the parameter
- Ca range of numbers is drawn around the point estimate to ensure that the parameter will be included in the interval
- DNone of the above
73For a 95% confidence interval, you need to use a z score of +/- ______.
- A1
- B1.96
- C2.00
- D2.58
74If someone reports that the 95% CI for the mean was 15 25, what does M equal?
- Aimpossible to tell from the information provided
- Ba number between 15 and 25
- C20
- D0
75When constructing a confidence interval, our goal is to keep the level of confidence ________ and the interval __________
- Alow : low
- Bhigh : high
- Clow : high
- Dhigh : low
76Besides sampling error, which other variable determines how big or small the interval size will be?
- Asample size
- Bhow big/small the mean is
- Cdf
- Dlevel of confidence
77If a confidence interval drawn around the difference between two means does not include 0, what does this mean?
- Athe two means are probably different for reason(s) in addition to sampling error
- Bthe two means are probably different because of sampling error
- Cthe two means probably come from identical populations
- Dprobably nothing important
78What is the purpose of hypothesis testing?
- Aa. to prove the researcher is right or wrong
- Bb. to analyze sample data to see whether the data support or refute Ho
- Cc. to discover absolute truths about the population based on sample data
- Dd. both b and c
79Ha says µ1 and µ2 are ______.
- Aequal to each other
- Bmore variable than M1 and M2
- Cless variable than M1 and M2
- Ddifferent from each other
80Which of the following correctly defines type I error?
- Arejecting Ho when you should have retained it
- Bretaining Ho when you should have rejected it
- Crejecting Ha when you should have retained it
- Dretaining Ha when you should have rejected it
81Which of the following correctly defines type II error?
- Arejecting Ho when you should have retained it
- Bretaining Ho when you should have rejected it
- Crejecting Ha when you should have retained it
- Dretaining Ha when you should have rejected it
82What would we have to do to know for certain if there is a difference between the means (or a relationship among the variables) in the population?
- Atest a sample that contains at least 80% of the population
- Breplicate the finding at least 5 times
- Ctest the entire population
- Drun a computer simulation an infinite number of times
83The alternate hypothesis states that _______
- AM1 and M2 are different because of sampling error alone
- BM1 and M2 are different because of sampling error + something else
- CM1 and M2 are different but we don't know why
- Dthe null hypothesis is full of "you know what"
84Ho is called the _____ hypothesis. Ha is called the _____ hypothesis
- Aresearcher’s : working
- Bnull : alternate
- Cresearcher’s : null
- Dnull : working
85 1 2
3 type 1 error correct decision
4 correct decision type 2 error
Which of the choices below have 1, 2, 3, and 4 correctly identified?- A1= Ho is true 2= Ho is false 3= retain Ho 4= reject Ho
- B1= Ho is false 2= Ho is true 3= reject Ho 4= retain Ho
- C1= reject Ho 2= retain Ho 3= Ho is true 4= Ho is false
- D1= retain Ho 2= reject Ho 3= Ho is false 4= Ho is true
86A “false negative” is a type ___ error; a “false positive” is a type ___ error
- Apositive : negative
- Bnegative : positice
- C1 : 2
- D2 : 1
87What does the value of the test statistic (TS) reflect?
- Aa. the size of the difference between the means
- Bb. the strength of the relationship between the variables
- Cc. how much sampling error there is in the data
- Da and b relative to c
88By convention, what are the two levels of significance used in the behavioral sciences?
- Ahigh and low
- B.05 and .01
- C.05 and .10
- D.05 and .001
89Which of the following reflects a significant result?
- Ap = .05
- Bp > .05
- Cp < .05
- Dnot enough info to tell
90If a TS is a ____ probability event on Ho, are we likely to ____
- Alow : reject Ha
- Blow : reject Ho
- Chigh : retain Ha
- Dhigh : reject Ho
91Assume you tested your data and found that the probability of your test statistic (TS) was p = .054. Which of the following statements is CORRECT?
- AThe results are signif., fail to reject Ho, the prob of a type 1 error is greater than .05, the value of the TS was bigger than the critical value, the difference is probably due to sampling error.
- BThe results are not signif., reject Ho, the prob of a type 1 error is equal to .005, the value of the TS was bigger than the critical value, the difference is probably due to a treatment effect
- CThe results are not signif., fail to reject Ho, the prob of a type 1 error if we did reject Ho is .054, the value of the TS was less than the critical value, the difference is probably due to sampling error
- DThis is hard, I have no clue what I’m doing, the probability of me getting an “A” is “slim to none”, Lynn is mean, I give up. (p.s. hopefully, you don’t believe any of this!)
92Which of the choices below have 1, 2, 3, and 4 correctly identified?
Ho: True in reality Ho: False in reality
Statistics say: retain Ho 1 2
Statistics say: reject Ho 3 4- A1= β 2= α 3= 1- β 4= 1 – α
- B1= α 2= β 3= 1- α 4= 1 – β
- C1= 1-α 2= β 3= 1- β 4= α
- D1-α 2= β 3= α 4= 1- β
93If we reject Ho, which areas under the curve might we be in?
- Aα and 1 – α
- Bβ and 1 – β
- Cβ and 1 - α
- Dα and 1 – β
94How is α different from a type I error?
- Aα and type 1 error ARE one and the same
- Bα is the probability of making a type 1 error
- Cα is failing to reject a false Ho : a type 1 error is rejecting a true Ho
- Dα is rejecting a true Ho : a type 1 error is failing to reject a false Ho
95If S sub x-bar is large, _________
- Abeta would be small and alpha would be large
- Bbeta would be large and alpha would be small
- Cbeta and alpha would both be small
- Dbeta and alpha would both be large
96If we increase alpha, what happens to beta?
- Anothing
- Bbeta increases
- Cbeta decreases
- Dno freaking clue
97Which statement below shows the correct effects of increasing n?
- Avariability of Ho & Ha increases ; overlap between Ho and Ha decreases; beta and alpha decrease ; effect size increases
- Bvariability of Ho & Ha decreases ; overlap between Ho and Ha decreases; beta and alpha decrease ; effect size increases
- Cvariability of Ho & Ha decreases ; overlap between Ho and Ha increases; beta and alpha increase ; effect size decreases
- Dvariability of Ho & Ha increases ; overlap between Ho and Ha increases; beta and alpha increase ; effect size decreases
98What is meant by the phenomenon “diminishing returns”?
- Athe harder you try, the less likely you are to succeed
- Beffect size decreases as n increases, and this becomes even more true as n increases
- CSEM increases as n increases, and this becomes even more true as n increases
- DSEM decreases as in increases, but this becomes less true as n increases
99What effect do strong manipulations have on effect size?
- Anone – they are independent of each other
- Bthey increase effect size
- Cthey decrease effect size
- Dthey have an unpredictable effect on effect size
100There are 3 things you can do to increase effect size. Which of the following is NOT one of them?
- Ause alpha .01 instead of alpha .05
- Bincrease n
- Cconduct a clean (error free) experiment
- Duse strong manipulations
101How does the CV compare for a one and a two-tailed test?
- Athey are the same
- Bthe CV is larger for the one-tailed test
- Cthe CV is larger for the two-tailed test
- Dwhich one is larger is unpredictable – it depends on your data set
102Which of the following distributions representing Ho show the correct placement of alpha .05, alpha .01 and the areas under the curve – for a one-tailed test?
- Aa
- Bb
- Cc
- Dd
103Which of the following distributions representing Ho show the correct placement of alpha .05, alpha .01 and the areas under the curve – for a two-tailed test?
- Aa
- Bb
- Cc
- Dd
104Is it easier to get significance using a directional or non-directional test?
- Adirectional
- Bnon-directional
- Cit depends
- Dtrick question! They are the same.
105Which graph below most clearly shows a significant difference between the groups, assuming the y-error bars represent the 95% CI?
- Aa
- Bb
- Cc
- Dd
106It is generally accepted that the results of. t-test are robust as long as the violations are not too severe. What is the problem with this statement?
- AIt is completely false!
- BIt is only true if there are no violations
- Ceven minor violations will throw off the results of a t-test
- Dthere is no agreed upon definition of "severe"
107If d = .88, this means that the sample mean was .88 __________ above the constant in a single sample t-test
- Amicroseimens
- Bvariances
- Craw scores
- Dstandard deviations
108An independent t-test tests the effects of ______ IV(s) with _______ level(s) on the DV.
- Aone : one
- Bone : two
- Ctwo : two
- Done : three or more
109What does the assumption of homogeneity of variance state?
- Athe group variances are statistically equal
- Bthe group variances are statistically different
- Cthe group variances are related to each other
- Dnothing anyone cares about
110If the same people are tested in each level of the IV, the IV is referred to as ______
- Arepeated subjects
- Bwithin subjects
- Cbetween subjects
- Ddedicated subjects
111For every parametric test there is a _______
- AHope and a prayer
- BDifferent set of rules for hypothesis testing
- CNon-parametric equivalent
- DBoth b and c
112What assumption needs to be satisfied for an independent t-test but NOT for a dependent t-test?
- ALevene's
- BMauchly's
- CHOV
- DSphericity
113An extraneous variable (EV) is a variable, other than the ________, which could have an effect on ___________
- Adependent : independent
- Bindependent : dependent
- Cconstant : dependent
- Dextraneous : confounds
114If you analyze the same data using a dependent t-test and an independent t-test, how would the p values compare in most cases?
- AThe p value for the dependent t-test would be larger
- BThe p value for the independent t-test would be larger
- CThe two p values would be the same
- DWhat the "beep-beep" is a p value?
115All things considered equal, which t-test (independent or dependent) is more powerful?
- Aindependent is more powerful
- Bdependent is more powerful
- Cthey are equally powerful
- Dthere's no way to know which is more powerful
116All things considered equal, which t-test (independent or dependent) is more likely to detect a significant effect?
- Aindependent t-test
- Bdependent t-test
- Cboth are equally likely
- Dthere's no way to know
117What happens to the power of a dependent t-test if you match on an irrelevant EV?
- Apower goes down
- Bpower goes up
- Cpower remains the same
- Dnot enough information to answer
118Does bathing method affect happiness? To find out, a researcher gives recruits 50 people. To control for possible order effects, half took a bath one day, and a shower the next. The other half took a shower first, followed by a bath. After each bath and shower, participants completed a “life is good” questionnaire. The mean for bath was 6.34, and the mean for shower was 7.49. Is there a difference between bath and shower with respect to happiness? The researcher needs to analyze the data using a(n) ___
- Asingle sample t-test
- Bindependent t-test
- Cdependent t-test
- Dsomething else
119Does diaphragmatic breathing affect heart rate? A researcher hooks 60 people up (one at a time) to a biofeedback machine and records their heart rate for 5 minutes as they breathed “normally”. Then for the next five minutes, heart rate was recorded while they breathed diaphragmatically. The mean heart rate for the 5 minute “normal” breathing session was 78 bpm. The mean heart rate for the diaphragmatic breathing session was 82 bpm. What effect, if any, does breathing have on heart rate? The researcher needs to analyze the data using a(n) ___
- Asingle sample t-test
- Bindependent t-test
- Cdependent t-test
- Dsomething else
120How is/are F distributions different from t distributions?
- At is normally distributed, F is positively skewed
- Bthe mean for t = 0, the mean for F is about 1
- Ct has one number for df, F has two numbers for df
- Dall of the above
121What contributes to between group variability?
- Aindividual differences
- Bindividual differences + error
- Cindividual differences + error + treatment effects
- Dnone of the above
122MS is another term for ________
- Avariance
- Bstandard deviation
- Cstandard error
- Dmalicious statistics
123If there is a treatment effect, how will MS within (MSw) compare to MS between (MSb)?
- AMSb will be larger
- BMSw will be larger
- CMSb will equal MSw
- Dimpossible to predict
124Order the post hoc tests from most powerful to least powerful
- ALSD-T > NK > Tukey > Scheffe
- BLSD-T > Tukey > NK > Scheffe
- CScheffe > Tukey > NK > LSD-T
- DScheffe > NK > Tukey > LSD-T
125A one-way independent ANOVA tests the effect of a(n)_________ subjects factor
- Aextraneous
- Bconfounding
- Cwithin
- Dbetween
126A one-way randomized blocks ANOVA tests the effect of a factor where participants have been _____ on one or more _____
- Arandomly assigned : extraneous variables
- Bmatched : extraneous variables
- Cmatched : independent variables
- Drandomly assigned : blocks
127Partial eta squared can range in value from _________
- A0 to 1
- B1 to 10
- C-1 to +1
- Dnegative infinity to positive infinity
128If η2partial = .760, what does this mean?
- Abeats me
- B76% of the variability in the DV was explained by the IV
- C24% of the variability in the DV was accounted for by the IV
- D76% of the variability in the IV was explained by the DV
129What are the assumptions for a one-way repeated ANOVA?
- Athe core
- Bthe core + HOV
- Cthe core + sphericity
- Dthe core + HOV + sphericity
130In a one-way repeated ANOVA, if the sig value for ______ is less than .05, this means ________ and you should look at _________
- AMauchley's test of sphericity : there is a violation : the HOV corrected data
- BMauchly's test of sphericity : there is a violation : the Greenhouse-Geisser corrected data
- CLevene's test of HOV : there is no violation : nothing, you are good to go
- DLevene's test of HOV : there is a violation : the Greenhouse-Geisser corrected data
131What is the name for the post hoc test that needs to be run when a one-way repeated ANOVA is significant?
- Apairwise comparisons
- BScheffe
- CTukey
- DBob
132What does the number in front of the word “way” refer to in a x-way ANOVA?
- Awhether the ANOVA is positive or negative
- Bthe number of levels being analyzed
- Cthe number of DVs analyzed
- Dthe number of IVs tested
133Which of the following is NOT an assumption for the two-way independent ANOVA?
- Asphericity
- Bhomogeneity of variance
- Cparticipants are “randomly” selected from the population
- Dthe dv is measured on an interval or ratio scale
134You are told that someone ran a 2x3x3 ANOVA. Which of the following is FALSE?
- Athey ran a three-way ANOVA
- Bthey have 8 marginal means
- Cthey have 18 cell means
- Dthey have 3 marginal means and 26 cell means
135Cell means are used to test _____
- Acore assumptions
- BHOV
- Cmain effects
- Dinteraction effects
136You are told that the effect of sex on blood pressure depends on whether you own a pet (men have higher blood pressure that women, but only if they do not own a pet). This describes
- Aa main effect of sex
- Ba main effect of pet ownership
- Can interaction effect between sex and pet ownership
- Dfake news!
137When are tests of simple main effects necessary?
- Awhenever you have a significant main effect
- Bwhenever both main effects are significant
- Cwhenever the interaction effect is significant
- Dwhenever a post hoc test is significant
138What is a test of simple main effect (SME)?
- Aa test used to compare marginal means of one factor
- Ba test used to compare all cells means simultaneously
- Ca test used to compare all marginal means and all cell means simultaneously
- Da test used to compare the marginal means of one factor separately for each level of a second factor
139You ran a 2x4 independent ANOVA (as in the design shown in the table above) and the interaction was significant.
Assume you wish to test the simple main effect (SME) of B within each level of A. Which of the following rows (a – d) has all of the information correct?
- Aa
- Bb
- Cc
- Dd
140You ran a 2x4 independent ANOVA (as in the design shown in the table above) and the interaction was significant.
Assume you wish to test the simple main effect (SME) of A within each level of B. Which of the following rows (a – d) has all of the information correct?
- Aa
- Bb
- Cc
- Dd
141What is NOT an assumption for a 2 way Repeated ANOVA?
- ASphericity
- BHOV
- Cdv was measured on an interval/ratio scale
- Ddv is normally distributed in the population
142Which of the following is NOT one of the assumptions for a two-way mixed ANOVA?
- AHomogeneity of variance
- BSphericity – maybe
- CThe core
- DAll of the above are assumptions a two-way mixed ANOVA
143 a1 a2 a3
b1 1 4 7
b2 2 5 8
b3 3 6 9
You ran a 3x3 mixed ANOVA (as shown above). Factor A is within subjects and Factor B is between subjects. The interaction is significant. Note: numbers in cells are for cell I.D. purposes.
Assume you wish to test the simple main effect (SME) of B within each level of A. Which of the following rows (A – D) has all of the information correct?
Type of SME required number of these tests required Post hocs necessary?
a one-way independent ANOVA 3 yes
b one-way independent ANOVA 6 no
c one-way repeated ANOVA 3 no
d one-way repeated ANOVA 6 yes- Aa
- Bb
- Cc
- Dd
144How many F ratios will be calculated in this ANOVA? ____
- A1
- B3
- C4
- D8
145Which means will be compared to test for an interaction effect?
- AX̄A1, X̄A2
- BX̄ B1, X̄ B2, X̄ B3
- CX̄a1b1, X̄ a1b2, X̄ a2b1, X̄a2b2
- Dall the means listed in each option above
146Depending in the specific two-way ANOVA, tests of simple main effects can be any of four statistical tests. Which of the following is NOT one of them?
- Aindependent t-test
- Bdependent t-test
- Cone-way repeated ANOVA
- Done-way mixed ANOVA
147Does “intrinsic drive” differ among students with different university majors? To find out, you give chemistry, sociology, and fine arts majors an intrinsic drive questionnaire. Each person receives a score ranging from 0 (no intrinsic drive) to 30 (maximum measurable amount of intrinsic drive). Which test would be appropriate to analyze the data?
- Asingle sample t-test
- Bindependent t-test
- Cdependent t-test
- Done-way independent ANOVA
- Eone-way repeated ANOVA
- Ftwo-way independent ANOVA
- Gtwo-way repeated ANOVA
- Htwo-way mixed ANOVA with university major as the between subjects factor
- Itwo-way mixed ANOVA with university major as the within or matched subjects factor
148___ frequencies are actual data recorded by the researcher in a study
- Abiased
- Bhypothetical
- Cexpected
- Dobserved
149What does the goodness of fit test NOT do or tell us?
- Atells us if the observed frequencies are evenly distributed across all categories of a variable
- Btells us if the observed frequencies are evenly distributed across all categories of two variables
- Ctells us if the observed frequencies follow some other hypothetical or known distribution
- Dcompares observed frequencies to expected frequencies
150The contingency test analyzes _____variables to see if they are ____ to/from each other.
- Athe means of one or more : different
- Bone or more : different
- Ctwo or more : related
- Dtwo : related
151If fo = fe in a chi square test of independence, this means your variables are:
- Acontingent
- Brelated
- Cdependent
- Dcontingent, related, and dependent
- Enone of these
152If χ2 = 2.2, p = .054, this tells you that variable A is ____ variable B
- Acontingent on
- Brelated to
- Cdependent on
- Dcontingent on, related to, and dependent on
- Enone of these
153Which of the following is NOT one of the three criteria for using Yates correction?
- Ayou have a 2x2 table
- Bat least 1 cell has an expected frequency less than 5
- Cthe chi square was significant
- Dthe df is less than 8
154Which chi square value is most likely to be significant?
- A– 18.23
- B.001
- C.000
- D5.30
155A perfect relationship means X and Y are ______. This means that if you know X, you know Y.
- Aperfectly predictable
- Bcausally related
- Csignificantly different from each other
- Dall of the above are all true
156Correlation is not causation. What does this mean?
- Ax could cause y
- By could cause X
- Ca 3rd variable could be responsible
- Dall of the above could be true
157Who would you test if you wanted to maximize the chance of finding a significant correlation between the number of letters in a word and the time (in seconds) it takes to spell the word?
- AEnglish professors
- BSociology 1010 students
- Cpeople who cannot read or write
- Dall would work equally well
158A curvilinear relationship will reduce the Pearson r value. What can you do to avoid mistaking a strong curvilinear relationship for a weak linear one?
- Aput on rose colored glasses
- Bplot the data
- Ctest more participants
- Dthere isn’t anything you can do
159If r = .50, how much of the variability in Y is unaccounted for by X?
- A50%
- B25%
- C75%
- Dthere’s no way of estimating
160Which correlation measures the linear relationship between two variables?
- APearson’s Correlation
- BSpearman’s Rho
- CMultiple correlation
- DYardstick correlation
161In order to have a chance of finding a perfect correlation ___
- Alady luck must be on your side
- Beach variable must have an n > 30
- Cboth x and y must be normally distributed
- Dat least one of your variables must be normally distributed
162What is a significant r value telling you about the population?
- Anothing!
- Bthe population is normally distributed
- Cthe relationship found in the sample would probably be found in the population as well
- Dthe relationship found in the sample would probably NOT be found in the population as well
163If r = .50, how much of the variability in Y is unaccounted for by X?
- A50%
- B25%
- C75%
- Dthere’s no way of estimating
164To detect a relationship, correlation analyzes _____, whereas the chi square contingency test analyzes _____
- Asomething : something else
- Bmeans : frequencies
- Crelationships : differences
- Dscores : frequencies
165What is the principle difference between simple regression and multiple regression?
- Anothing – these two terms are synonymous
- Bsimple regression uses one variable to predict y, multiple regression uses two or more variables to predict y
- Csimple regression uses two variables to predict y, multiple regression uses three or more variables to predict y
- Dsimple regression is more accurate than multiple regression
- Emultiple regression is more accurate than simple regression
166If r = +1, Sy.x = ___
- A0
- B1
- Ca small number
- Da large number
167The slope of the regression line tells you all of the following EXCEPT ___
- Ahow quickly y changes with every unit change in x
- Bwhether r is positive or negative
- Chow much of the variability in y is accounted for by x
- Dwhether r is zero or not
168In the regression formula, Y’= mX + b
m is the ___ and b is the ____- Acorrelation : regression
- Bconstant : y-intercept
- Cslope : constant
- Dconstant : slope
169If, in regression, your slope is significant, what does this mean?
- Athere is probably a relationship between X and Y
- Bour predictions are probably better than straight out guesses
- Cboth of the above
- Dnone of the above
170The assumption of homoscedasticity states that ______
- AThe standard deviation of Y values is the same for each level of x
- BThe standard deviation of Y values is different for each level of x
- CThe standard deviation of residuals is different for each level of x
- DThe standard deviation of residuals is 0 for each level of x
- EIt states that students who take a stats class will be traumatized for life!
171You are testing the assumptions for a multiple regression and discover you have multicollinearity.
a) is this good or bad? b) what does it mean?- Agood : you have linear lines
- Bbad : two or more of your variables are correlated .80 or greater
- Cbad : none of your variables are correlated .80 or greater
- Dhorrible! Life as we know it has ended.
172Somebody asks you to make a prediction for Y beyond the values you have studied. Can we do this and should we do this?
- ANo – we cannot and should not. Our prediction would be wrong.
- BNo - we cannot and should not. Our prediction would probably be wrong.
- CYes… but we should not – we have no way to know how accurate our prediction might be
- DYes… but we should not – unless we’re paid a ton of money!
173If we predict Y from X, what can we tell someone as far as the accuracy of that specific prediction is concerned?
- Aif Sy.x is a small number, then our prediction is probably good
- Bif Sy.x is a large number, then our prediction is probably not good
- Cthere is no way to know how accurate that specific prediction is
- Dthe first two options are true about the specific prediction
174Research suggests that the more education you have, the more money you are likely to make. To test this, you sample 100 people and record the number of years of schooling they’ve had, and their gross annual income. Which test should you use to analyze the data?
- Adependent t-test
- Bcorrelation
- Cchi square goodness of fit
- Dchi square contingency test
175Who watches the cartoon “South Park” more: men or women? Two hundred people are sampled at random and asked whether they watch the cartoon. Which test should we use to answer the question?
- Adependent t-test
- Bcorrelation
- Cchi square goodness of fit
- Dchi square contingency test
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- Psychology Test sobre Final Study Guide., creado por Zachary Maag el 27/04/2022.
- Autor
- Zachary Maag
- Idioma
- English
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