Test
final
Este test tiene tipos de pregunta que se abren en el reproductor de siempre.
Preguntas del test (82)
1The hypothesis proposed by Jolly & Humphrey, [blank_start]technical intelligence hypothesis[blank_end], is the idea that social life might select for larger brains. The origins of primate intelligence had been driven by the demands made by the need to live alongside others.
- Atechnical intelligence hypothesis
2Group size is locally determined by the environmental regulation of birth and death rates as well as by the extent to which individuals benefit from coexistence
- AVerdadero
- BFalso
3Whereas [blank_start]nocturnal[blank_end] primates are generally solitary, [blank_start]diurnal[blank_end] monkeys/apes are found in groups that range in size all the way from pairs (titis and gibbons), through larger cohesive groups, all the way up to big 'herds' (gelada baboon)
- Anocturnal
- Bdiurnal
4Vulnerable animals that are [blank_start]nocturnal[blank_end] are probably best off by being solitary and relying on being inconspicuous, whereas those are [blank_start]diurnal[blank_end] may benefit from the presence of others. There are 2 ways that this may be beneficial.
- Adiurnal
- Bnocturnal
- Cdiurnal
- Dnocturnal
5Diurnal primates that must feed in the open during the day may benefit from the presence of others. There are 2 ways the presence of others may be beneficial...
- ADetection
- BDilution
- CDivision of labor
- DSocial bonds
- EDefense
6Patterns of association is to:
- AEcology vs. sociality
- BSolitary vs. gregariousness
- CNocturnal vs. diurnal
7The fact that dirunal primates that are involved in the formation of permanent groups that occupy a well-defined home range from which they do not stray makes it easier for them to:
- AFight off predators
- BExploit spatially and temporally dispersed resources efficiently
- CAccess grooming
- DAccess sexual partners
8Primate groups are characterized by the fact that one of the other sexes remains in the group that they were born into. One consequence of this is that selection probably more strongly favors philopatry in males.
- AVerdadero
- BFalso
9Primate groups are characterized by the fact that one of the other sexes remains in the group that they were born into. One consequence of this is that males have the evolutionary choice of mating with choice which have all the costs associated with interbreeding, vs. the choice of emigrating at sexual maturity.
- AVerdadero
- BFalso
10Most diurnal primate groups are [blank_start]obligatory cohesive[blank_end].
A few species though, live in [blank_start]fission-fusion[blank_end] societies, which is when they share a common home range but often move around it singly or in sub groups of different sizes. Humans (traditional hunter gatherers) tend also to undergo fission and fusion in much the same way [a consequence of hunting].- Aobligatory cohesive
- Bfission-fusion
11The size of the subgroups in fission-fusion societies depends on food availability and is thought that the need to split up in this way is driven by the fact that fission-fusion species tend to be [blank_start]ripe fruit specialists[blank_end].
- Aripe fruit specialists
12There are 2 main proposals as to why it is that monkeys and apes live in permanent groups or communities. 1) Richard Wrangham's [blank_start]resource defense hypothesis[blank_end] and 2) Carel van Schiak's [blank_start]predation risk hypothesis[blank_end].
- Aresource defense hypothesis
- Bpredation risk hypothesis
13Both the resource defense hypothesis and predation risk hypothesis are untestable.
- AVerdadero
- BFalso
14Schiak and Dunbar found that an increase in population density leads to an initial drop in birth rates as average group size increases but then rises.
This rise is a consequence of the fact that groups with divide when competition for resources become too great to sustain. Therefore, average group size will be lower in high density populations and females will therefore experience improved reprodutive success. This is moderately clear support for the [blank_start]predation risk hypothesis[blank_end].- Apredation risk hypothesis
- Bresource defence hypothesis
15There has been opposition to the idea that the reduction in birth rate with increased group size as a consequence of reduced female fecundity instead of juvenile mortality. This opposition is on the grounds that there is very little evidence that smaller groups are predated on more than larger ones.
- AVerdadero
- BFalso
16The consequence of the fact that predation risk drives permanent association is that animals must live together, even though this increases local competition for resources. There will then have to be selection for attributes that allow individuals to cope effectively with these circumstances (2 ways).
- AVerdadero
- BFalso
17[blank_start]Inclusive fitness[blank_end] is the total reproductive success of an organism due both to it's own reproductive effort and through the number of equivalents of its own offspring it adds to the population by helping others.
- AInclusive fitness
18In a compromised coexistene, as the number of simultaneously foraging animals rise, so does the variety of food types being eaten. This makes it possible for different individuals to remain close together without coming into conflict over particularly valued food items.
- AVerdadero
- BFalso
19In terms of rank and fitness, at the end of the day, if you live in a group to reduce predation risk, you are likely to experience at least some [blank_start]increase[blank_end] in local resource competition.
- Aincrease
- Bdecrease
20The fact that animals do work to maximize access to resources is reflected in their competitve interactions called [blank_start]dominance hierarchies[blank_end], which arrange the group members on the basis of the extent to which they win or lose fights... these arrangements are [blank_start]transitive[blank_end] (i.e. C can beat B, but not A. A beats all)
- Adominance hierarchies
- Btransitive
21Rank and reproductive success are not related.
- AVerdadero
- BFalso
22The lifetime reproductive success of female baboons is [blank_start]rank[blank_end] related and more pronounced in larger groups [as predicted by the Predation Risk Hypothesis]... the reason is that the offspring recieved a better diet early on in their lives, and the females reached menarche earlier and so have a longer reproductive life... so, although they don't necessarily live any longer, they get enough of a head start to make it all worthwhile.
- Arank
23There is one problem with the physical basis of rank determination
- AEveryone has different strengths, so it's not logical to be subjective
- BFemales do not challenge the rank, so there will always be males on top
- CWe get older and weaker, so rank cannot be stable over time
- DWhen offspring come into the picture it becomes difficult to be both a mother and the top dog
24Older sisters are always higher ranking than the youngest daughters.
- AVerdadero
- BFalso
25Male ranks, unlike female ranks, are generally quite stable over time.
- AVerdadero
- BFalso
26Primate cognition is really a '[blank_start]social cognition[blank_end]' because the cognitive challenge is presented by the need to deal with other group members (rather than the physical environment) when brute strength will not suffice.
- Asocial cognition
27There is a [blank_start]positive[blank_end] correlation between social group size and [blank_start]relative[blank_end] brain size.
- Apositive
- Bnegative
- Cabsolute
- Drelative
28The [blank_start]social brain hypothesis[blank_end] stakes a claim for the need to act in concert with others in order to overcome the constraints on acting alone.
- Asocial brain hypothesis
29The [blank_start]standard model[blank_end] has argued that social success hinges on the ability to persuade others to come to one's assistance (primates should form coalitions with others)
- Astandard model
30[blank_start]Allogrooming[blank_end] is the grooming of one animal by another, and is the primary form of positive social interaction in non-human primates and is another by-product of having grasping hands.
- AAllogrooming
31Grooming is a service that one animal can provide another because:
- AThermoregulatory advantages
- BHealth advanrages
- CAn exchange for coalitionary support in the future
- DSexual access
- ESocial glue by binding coalition partners together
- FEmotional needs
32Grooming can only serve as a 'social blue' binding coalition parners if there is enough time avaliable to service all relationships. As the groups get larger, competition for resources increases, and so does value of coalitions... at the same time, there is less time available to groom because more time is required for foraging.
Animals solve this by resting less and using the time that is freed up to sustain grooming... when this no longer works, they leave the group as sub units, otherwise known as the [blank_start]fission[blank_end] process.- Afission
33[blank_start]Reconciliation[blank_end] is the preferential peaceful contact among former opponents following conflict. It may be universal in social mammals and this wide occurance has been used to support the validity of valuable relationships. It generally occurs very quickly after conflict and can be intiated either by either one of the aggreived parties and one of it's functions is presumed to lower the stress levels of the initaiator.
- AReconciliation
34In addition to being able to predict the response of an animal to which they are directing behavior, which requires an understanding of [blank_start]2nd party relationships[blank_end] (x), they must also be able to predict how their behavior towards x will influence the behaviors of other. This is more cognitively demanding because it cannot be egoecentrically determined.
- A2nd party relationships
35The second form of the Standard Model focuses less on the need for conjoint action (which is a 1 way) and argues more broadly for the advantages of [blank_start]machiavellian intelligence[blank_end], the type of cognition that one would expect underpins the capacity for deception or 'political intelligence'.
- Amachiavellian intelligence
36As selection will act on capacities that improve political ability, we would assume that there is an increasing capacity to ANTICIPATE (or predict) with others are up to. This must be built on an understanding of others as SEPARATE entities with their own perspective of the world... this is possible only to the extent that one can first have a concept of the '[blank_start]self[blank_end]'.
This provides a framework for appreciation that others are similarly endowed, and thus allows us to use our beliefs, desires, and wishes of the world to infer there's (aka, having [blank_start]theory of mind[blank_end])- Aself
- Btheory of mind
37[blank_start]Anthropomorphism[blank_end] is defined as the attribution of human qualities to nonhuman agents.
- AAnthropomorphism
38What unites both forms of the Standard Model is that they are commited to a particular expectation of the nature of the cognition necessary to behave strategically within the confines of a social group.
- AVerdadero
- BFalso
39The Standard Model
- ACheating/cheat detection
- BRelationship maintenance/tracking
- CPlanning (ahead of time) & mind reading
- DSocial concepts & episodic memory
- EOff-line or representational thought
40The evidence is strong enough to suggest that primates meet the requirements of cold/offline cognition
- AVerdadero
- BFalso
41When looking at the issue of TIME in terms of the standard model, select all that are true:
- AThere are empirical and linguistic indicators of consciousness
- BThe psychological impatience underpinning when discounting the future is likely to prevent an animal from executing 'planned' operations
- CDeclarative and episodic memory have been regarded as a human attribute because it requires self-consciousness
- DThere can be no linguistic behavioral indicators of consciousness
- ENonhuman primates are psychologically 'stuck in time' - whatever naturally selected tricks they might possess allow them to deal with past/future, but they percieve the world as a persistent now
- FThere are no good reasons for animals to discount the future
42In terms of the issue of MIND READING when it comes to the Standard Model, select all that are true:
- ATo mind read, one must have the ability to 'stand in another's shoes' and appreciate how the world appears from that perspective
- BThere is no convincing evidence that monkeys have any ability to mind read
- CThere is empirical evidence that monkeys have the ability to mind read
- DThere is an ongoing argument as to whether chimps do or do not
- EChimpanzees are able to mind read because of the increased relative size of the cerebellum
43In terms of ABSTRACT SOCIAL CONCEPTS regarding the Standard Model, select all that are true:
- ATo plan for the future, it's necessary to be able to understand the relations that pertain among other group members.
- BObservational evidence suggests that monkeys can detect the 3rd party relationship between other animals
- CObservational evidence suggests that monkeys can not detect the 3rd party relationship between other animals
- DAn animal attacked by another is more likely to retaliate against relatives of the attacker than nonrelatives
- EMonkeys can recognize other individuals from their calls and dominance rank is tied to matrilines, evidence of an understanding of hierarchical relationships
- FDominance rank in monkeys is not attribtued to anything specific toward identity, suggesting they do not have an understanding of hierarchical relationships
44Henzi's view is that nonhuman primates draw on [blank_start]procedural[blank_end] knowledge, rather than [blank_start]declarative[blank_end] knowledge like so many other primatologists would argue equally as strongly.
- Aprocedural
- Bdeclarative
- Cprocedural
- Ddeclarative
45There is little indication that monkey sand apes have 'offline' cognitive capacities necessary to support the claims for a political intelligence. What evidence is there for the modes of engagement that are said to require such cognition in regards to grooming? Select all that are true.
- AArgument is based on the assumption that grooming is used to cultivate valuable relationships
- BWe expect to see high ranking animals recieving more grooming
- CWe expect to see high ranking animals conducting more grooming
- DThere is little evidence that valuable partners receieve grooming in order to 'prep' them for possible future needs
- EThere is evidence that valuable partners receieve grooming in order to 'prep' them for possible future needs
- FRelationships between rank and grooming is much more a product of local ecology and demography than a universal norm
- GRelationships between rank and grooming appear to be much more a product of universal norm than of local ecology and demography
46There is little indication that monkey sand apes have 'offline' cognitive capacities necessary to support the claims for a political intelligence. What evidence is there for the modes of engagement that are said to require such cognition in regards to reconciliation? Select all that are true.
- AThe valuable relationship hypothesis also predicts that animals should repair damaged relationships
- BThere is no evidence to indicate that animals are capable of reconciliation
- CThere is a great deal of evidence to indicate that animals are capable of reconciliation
- DThe majority of fights are not reconciled and it does not improve affiliation in the long term
- EThe majority of fights are reconciled and it does improve affiliation in the long term
- FSilk argued that reconciliation is not about the maintenance of relationships but about indicating that the quarrel is over and normal business can resume
47There is little indication that monkey sand apes have 'offline' cognitive capacities necessary to support the claims for a political intelligence. What evidence is there for the modes of engagement that are said to require such cognition in regards to coalitions? Select all that are true.
- AAlthough coalitions are central to the Standard Model, all the available evidence points to their rarity
- BCoalitions are central to the Standard Model and all evidence illustrate common occurances
- CCoalitions are very valuable and occur only when all participants benefit directly by cooperating and when the problem to be addressed is immediate
- DDirect benefit; it avoids the problem of cheating
- EDirect loss; it does not avoid the problem of cheating
- FThe problem of reciprocity is moreso for monkeys because they do not have the cognitive machinery to formulate the concepts of debt and obligation and to remember them over time
- GIf monkeys do not have a capacity for 'offline' thought, they cannot view a situation and think, "well, this may be a problem in the future so let's get together and prevent it from happening"
- HIf monkeys do not have a capacity for 'offline' thought, they wouldn't be able to view a situation and think, "well, this may be a problem in the future so let's get together and prevent it from happening" as they do
48There is little indication that monkey sand apes have 'offline' cognitive capacities necessary to support the claims for a political intelligence. What evidence is there for the modes of engagement that are said to require such cognition in regards to relationships? Select all that are true.
- ANonhuman primates actively promote and sustain associations with particular others
- BIt is the very difficulty of keeping a relationship going that requires cognitive capacity
- CIt is the act of stategizing in a relationship that requires cognitive capacity
- DUncertainty dictates individual decision making in social contexts
- ECertainty/planning ahead dictates individual decision making in social contexts
- FNonhuman primates actively promote and sustain associations with others, but not particular others
49A [blank_start]contingent event[blank_end] is a situation that is possible but cannot be predicted with certainty.
- Acontingent event
50[blank_start]Contingency[blank_end] reduces the general value of depending on others as coalition partners, while, at the same time, continually reshapes the social environment in which each individual must operate.
- AContingency
51The 3 ways that improved capacities might help a primate: [blank_start]planning[blank_end], [blank_start]plotting[blank_end], and [blank_start]adaptive responses[blank_end]
- Aplanning
- Bplotting
- Cadaptive responses
52The nice thing about using grooming markets as a trade is the possibility of cheating is slim.
- AVerdadero
- BFalso
53To say that animals are stuck in time is to say that they can only deal with problems and issues on the fly. The situation or context must be a detectable and recognisable pattern that statistically has come to be associated with a particular course of action.
- AVerdadero
- BFalso
54With memory, responses should get better (faster and with less variability) in accordance with Logan's algorithm analysis. He argued that the accumulation of instances underpins [blank_start]automaticity[blank_end] and it is this that is the hallmark of expertise. Relevant for 2 reasons:
1. Automatic behavior is not the same as being blind, but it does bypass conscious intervention and is adcantageous because you can allocate your consciousness to other tasks.
2. Recalling Skoyle's proposal that the value of big brains is to be found in the development of expertise.- Aautomaticity
55For animals, the state of automaticity is arguable all there is.
- AVerdadero
- BFalso
56The problem with human brains is that memory is a problem.
- AVerdadero
- BFalso
57The cerebellum makes up [blank_start]10[blank_end]% of the mass of the brain, yet it houses [blank_start]80[blank_end]% of it's neurons. This confirms the idea that the point of brains is to make possible rapid, adaptive, skilled behavior in response to the problems that the environment throws at us.
- A10
- B80
58The correct merit for the comparative analysis of cognitive performance is likely to be based on the [blank_start]absolute[blank_end] number of neurons.
- Aabsolute
- Brelative
59Recent work shows the ability to store instances by showing the extent to which both baboons and pigeons can acquire and retain quite extraordinarily large amounts of experimentally provided information. Birds and primate brains (despite size & anatomy) work in the same way. Both retain information over the LT and reaction times across the testing periods remain constant and similar... rates of forgetting are low.
- AVerdadero
- BFalso
60Stokes found that LT memory, or [blank_start]experience[blank_end], creates activation biases, detectable in the visual cortex, that optimize perception for behaviourally relevant stimuli.
- Aexperience
61What we already know from Batron's comparative analyses of relative brain size is that [blank_start]diet[blank_end] is related to brain size and that, with this accounted for, [blank_start]group size[blank_end] explains most of the variance that we find in primates.
- Adiet
- Bgroup size
62Once body weight is controlled for, life span emerges as a significant correlate of:
- Aabsolute brain size
- Brelative brain size
- Cdiet
- Dsocial organization
- Emode of locomotion
63Since the number of possible partnerships at any one time is a function of the number of participating individuals, it means that, along with the standard, ongoing partnership adjustments when group size is stable, the shifting associations generated by introducing and removing animals will magnify the cognitive demands of monitoring the 'marketplace' more than somewhat.
- AVerdadero
- BFalso
64Brains must be paying for themselves.
- AVerdadero
- BFalso
65Brain growth is generally [blank_start]complete[blank_end] before the juvenile period commences, which suggests that the point of being a juvenile is to prepare oneself for the trials of adulthood by engaging with the world and laying down experiences as memories that can be retrieved when they are needed.
- Acomplete
- Bincomplete
66Great apes show some signs of not being as 'tied to the moment' as monkeys are. They are better able to resist prepotent stimuli.
- AVerdadero
- BFalso
67A beer bottle has suddenly been opened in the kitchen. Here, attentional control is divided between detection that is driven by the world ([blank_start]exogenous[blank_end]) and concentration driven by the subject ([blank_start]endogenous[blank_end])
- Aexogenous
- Bendogenous
68The issue of attentional division of exogenous and endogenous drives brings up the fact that percepts are filtered through [blank_start]experience[blank_end].
- Aexperience
69One bias concerns the extent to which processing shows either [blank_start]local/global precedence[blank_end], that is, when assessing similarity between one complex stimulus and another, do animals first compare the overall structure or do they begin assessing local features? Do they see the forest before they see the trees?
- Alocal/global precedence
70Humans and chimpanzees show [blank_start]global[blank_end] precendence, whereas monkeys show [blank_start]local[blank_end] precendence.
- Aglobal
- Blocal
71[blank_start]Local[blank_end] precendence is advantageous for fine discrimination based on internal changes (the detection of ripe fruit or individual identity) but it is also relatively inefficient when it comes to the detection and rejection of irrelevant distractors (the perceiver tends to be stuck on detail... seeing the trees makes it difficult to stand back and see the forest)
- ALocal
72[blank_start]Global[blank_end] precedence is good for generalization across objects of situations that differ in local details. It therefore makes it easier to form broader superordinate categories (2 sets of trees constitute 2 'forests' even if the tree species differ in each case)
- AGlobal
73Ramos-Fernandez created a simulated environments so that food patches of different profitability are randomly distributed, 'virtual monkeys' let loose to forage independently of one another (pay no attention to others), then 2 interesting outcomes:
- ASubgroups of different sizes appear
- BThey divided themselves into equal groups
- CEvery monkey for themselves
- DSome individuals spend more time with one another than they do with other members of the group
- EGenerous increase in mating rates
- FGenerous decline in mating rates
74It is likely that hominin society had a [blank_start]fission fusion[blank_end] structure of the same sort as spider monkeys. The increasing importance of meat and the need to form hunting groups that matched the size and profitability of prey animals would then have built on this.
- Afission fusion
75The Ramos-Fernandez model (simulated environments of food patches that were randomly distributed) indicates that there is extensive evidence that fission-fusion systems will be especially demanding cognitively.
- AVerdadero
- BFalso
76There are animals who are not always in direct contact with one another that are able to track other members, such as the spider monkey and the baboon (males cooperating to defend boundaries and access to females). In the primate lineage, F-F sociality increases relative brain size.
- AVerdadero
- BFalso
77[blank_start]Spider monkeys[blank_end] are the only monkeys on the hominid line in terms of relative brain size. There is no data on global or local precendece in these monkeys and some recent works show that spider monkeys are ape-like in their ability to inhibit prepotent responses.
- ASpider monkeys
78Animals in fission-fusion societies do not see each other every day, and thus makes it difficult to estimate commodity values and probabilities of behaviors. To estimate the commodity value is most accurate if they are able to remember previous transactions across time and take into account the interactions, not only of those animals present, but also of those who are absent. To do so, it must be able to call these absent animals ‘to mind’. This is all accomplished by percept-based associated learning.
- AVerdadero
- BFalso
79The cognitive machinery that lets you plan must also let you evaluate alternatives. Evaluating alternatives requires the ability to block prepotent responses. To do this you need some [blank_start]executive[blank_end] functioning.
- Aexecutive
80Selection on the primate brain indicates the correlated growth of a cortico-cerebllar network that points to the importance of visually guided action. The best predictor of relative brain size is [blank_start]average group size[blank_end]. If this is advantageous, there will be selection pressure for the ability to recognise others, improved working memory, and the ability to act on the basis of a consideration of the available information.
- Aaverage group size
81Political intelligence implies:
1. a manipulative, problem-oriented intelligence in the context of social interaction
2. that the social world necessitates, creative, social strategies intended to allow individuals to outcompete others by incorporating them into their schemes as 'tools'. To do so is to engage in tactical deception.
-Political intelligence action is controlled by a reflexive, self-conscious intelligence.- AVerdadero
- BFalso
82To recognize that others have subjective beliefs about the world, i.e. that they have mental states (beliefs, desires, wishes), is to have [blank_start]theory of mind[blank_end].
- Atheory of mind
Información
- Descripción
- dhflhadfl
- Autor
- Amy Labossiere
- Idioma
- English
- Visitas
- 5
- Etiquetas
- Valoración
- Aún sin valoraciones Valora este test