680069
Pregunta 1
Pregunta
What is the system made of of cells and biochemicals inside of specialized lymphatic vessels?
Respuesta
-
cardiac system
-
respiratory system
-
lymphatic system
-
integumentary system
Pregunta 2
Pregunta
The lymphatic system
Respuesta
-
transports excess fluid away from interstitial spaces
-
functions to defend the body against pathogens
-
clears sinus cavities
-
A & B
Pregunta 3
Pregunta
Lymphatic capillaries
Respuesta
-
have a similar structure to blood capillaries
-
have closed ends
-
extends into interstitial spaces
-
contains fluid inside the capillaries known as lymph
-
all of the above
Pregunta 4
Pregunta
Lymphatic vessels are ________ than veins
Respuesta
-
thinner
-
thicker
Pregunta 5
Pregunta
Lymphatic vessels also have _________ ______ to prevent back flow
Respuesta
-
pulmonary valve
-
bicuspid valves
-
tricuspid valves
-
semilunar valves
Pregunta 6
Pregunta
Lymphatic veins lead to
Respuesta
-
heart
-
lungs
-
lymph nodes
-
brain
Pregunta 7
Pregunta
After lymphatic vessels leave the lymph nodes, they go to ________ ________
Respuesta
-
carotid artery
-
lymphatic trunks
-
pancreatic duct
-
medulla oblangata
Pregunta 8
Pregunta
Lymphatic trunks are named for
Respuesta
-
the area they drain
-
where they are located in the body
-
where they are most prominent
Pregunta 9
Pregunta
Lymphatic ducts drain into two collecting ducts known as
Respuesta
-
inferior and superior lymphatic ducts
-
major and minor lymphatic ducts
-
thoracic duct and right lymphatic duct
-
right and left lymphatic ducts
Pregunta 10
Pregunta
The thoracic duct is ____________ and ___________ than the right lymphatic duct
Respuesta
-
shorter and smaller
-
larger and longer
-
narrower and longer
-
thicker and smaller
Pregunta 11
Pregunta
The thoracic duct drains
Respuesta
-
lower body regions, left upper limb, left side of the head and neck
-
right side of the head and neck, right upper limb, and right thorax
-
right side of body
-
left side of body
Pregunta 12
Pregunta
The right lymphatic duct drains
Respuesta
-
the right side of the head and neck, right upper limb, and right thorax
-
lower body regions, left upper limb, left side of head and neck
-
right side of body
-
left side of body
Pregunta 13
Pregunta
Lymph is a ___________ __________ that has entered a lymphatic capillary
Respuesta
-
plasma membrane
-
interstitial fluid
-
tissue fluid
-
mucous membrane
Pregunta 14
Pregunta
__________ ________ forms when water and small molecules are pushed from the plasma in blood capillaries
Respuesta
-
lymphatic fluid
-
tissue fluid
-
interstitial fluid
-
plasma membranes
Pregunta 15
Pregunta
Tissue fluid is the same _____________ as plasma, just without the plasma proteins
Respuesta
-
viscosity
-
thickness
-
composition
-
weight
Pregunta 16
Pregunta
What causes the reabsorption of most of the tissue fluid back into blood capillaries?
Respuesta
-
Osmosis
-
Diffusion
-
Filtration
-
Plasma colloid osmotic pressure
Pregunta 17
Pregunta
What is the substance that does not get reabsorbed into blood capillaries?
Respuesta
-
tissue fluid
-
interstitial fluid
-
plasma proteins
-
white blood cells
Pregunta 18
Pregunta
The increase in what caused by increasing tissue fluid pushes the fluid into the lymphatic capillaries?
Respuesta
-
colloid osmotic pressure
-
hyrdostatic pressure
-
osmosis
-
diffusion
Pregunta 19
Pregunta
Consequently, the increase in hydrostatic pressure caused by increasing tissue fluid into the lymphatic capillaries produces?
Respuesta
-
plasma
-
mucous
-
lymph
-
erythrocytes
Pregunta 20
Pregunta
Lymph formation from tissue fluid prevents _________ (aka edema)?
Respuesta
-
accumulation
-
clotting
-
gas exchange
-
all of the above
Pregunta 21
Pregunta
Lymph function includes
Respuesta
-
absorption of dietary fat
-
returns small proteins filtered in blood capillaries back to the blood
-
transports foreign particles (bacteria and viruses) to lymph nodes
-
all of the above
Pregunta 22
Pregunta
Lymphatic capillaries have a flap-like valve that opens when pressure outside is greater than pressure inside and closes during the opposite. What is responsible for this?
Respuesta
-
holes in capillaries
-
epithelial cells overlapping (but not attached to one another)
-
slits in capillaries
Pregunta 23
Pregunta
The epithelial cells of the lymphatic capillaries are attached to connective tissue through filaments. This helps maintain
Respuesta
-
rigidity
-
elasticity
-
lumen of capillary
-
plasma membrane
Pregunta 24
Pregunta
Lymph vessels work by
Respuesta
-
muscle activity that causes the bulk to flow
-
pressure changes in the abdominal and thoracic cavity
-
contraction of lymphatic walls in larger vessels
-
all of the above
Pregunta 25
Pregunta
Lymph flow is greatest during:
Respuesta
-
rest
-
heightened emotions
-
physical exercise
-
infection
Pregunta 26
Pregunta
Lymph nodes include
Respuesta
-
lymphatic vessels
-
hilum, afferent and efferent vessels
-
none of the above
-
all of the above
Pregunta 27
Pregunta
What is responsible for extending into the node and dividing the node into compartments
Respuesta
-
hilum
-
afferent vessels
-
efferent vessels
-
capsule of connective tissue
Pregunta 28
Pregunta
Lymph ________ flow where lymph can flow
Respuesta
-
sinuses
-
capillaries
-
vessels
-
tissue fluid
Pregunta 29
Pregunta
__________ ________ are the functional units of the node
Respuesta
-
lymphatic capillaries
-
lymphatic nodules
-
lymphatic vessels
-
afferent vessels
Pregunta 30
Pregunta
What is found in groups or chains along the paths of large lymph vessels?
Respuesta
-
lymphatic tissue
-
tissue fluid
-
interstitial fluid
-
lymph nodes
Pregunta 31
Pregunta
Places for _____ _____ includes the cervical region, axillary region, supratroclear region, inguinal region, pelvic cavity, abdominal cavity, and thoracic cavity.
Respuesta
-
lymphatic vessels
-
lymphatic capillaries
-
tissue fluid
-
lymph nodes
Pregunta 32
Pregunta
The two primary functions of lymph nodes are:
Respuesta
-
filter potentially harmful particles and monitor body fluids
-
drain infectious agents and maintain body temperature
-
maintain homeostasis and regulate hormones
-
none of these
Pregunta 33
Pregunta
Lymph nodes are the site of _________ production
Respuesta
-
macrophage
-
lymphocyte
-
erythrocyte
-
leukocyte
Pregunta 34
Pregunta
What "lives" in lymph nodes and engulfs and destroys foreign substances, damaged cells, and cellular debris
Respuesta
-
lymphocyte
-
leukocyte
-
macrophage
-
erythrocyte
Pregunta 35
Pregunta
What lymphatic organ shrinks in size after puberty?
Respuesta
-
thymus
-
spleen
-
liver
-
kidney
Pregunta 36
Pregunta
In the thymus, what is replaces lymphatic tissue as one becomes elderly?
Respuesta
-
adipose and elastic tissues
-
elastic and connective tissues
-
adipose and connective tissues
-
fibrous and connective tissues
Pregunta 37
Pregunta
The thymus houses _______ that develop into bone marrow. These are __________ and _________.
Respuesta
-
thymocytes; lymphocytes and thymosins
-
leukocytes; thymocytes and thymosins
-
thymocytes; lymphocytes and leukocytes
-
lymphocytes ; thymocytes and thymosins
Pregunta 38
Pregunta
The ______ is the largest lymphatic organ
Respuesta
-
thymus
-
spleen
-
liver
-
kidney
Pregunta 39
Pregunta
The spleen resembles a lymph node, as it contains _____ and _____
Respuesta
-
afferent and efferent vessels
-
hilum and lobules
-
macrophages and lymphocytes
-
lymphatic vessels and capillaries
Pregunta 40
Pregunta
Spaces in the spleen are filled with ______ as opposed to _______
Respuesta
-
blood; lymph
-
mucous; blood
-
lymph; blood
-
blood; mucous
Pregunta 41
Pregunta
The two types of tissue in the lobules are
Respuesta
-
Red pulp and white pulp
-
green pulp and yellow pulp
-
blue pulp and red pulp
-
yellow pulp and red pulp
Pregunta 42
Pregunta
White pulp of the spleen looks like ______ and contains _______
Respuesta
-
rods; macrophages
-
rectangles; leukocytes
-
islands; lymphocytes
-
squares; thymocytes
Pregunta 43
Pregunta
Red pulp of the spleen fills the remaining spaces of the lobules and is filled with ____________, __________, ___________
Respuesta
-
red blood cells, white blood cells, macrophages
-
red blood cells, lymphocytes, macrophages
-
lymphocytes, macrophages, thymosins
-
macrophages, thymosins, thymocytes
Pregunta 44
Pregunta
Blood capillaries in red pulp are ________, and ____________ may pass through.
Respuesta
-
impermeable; nothing
-
permeable; white blood cells
-
permeable; red blood cells
-
permeable; lymph
Pregunta 45
Pregunta
____________ and _____________ of the spleen work to keep the blood clean of particles, bacteria, and viruses.
Respuesta
-
red pulp and white pulp
-
thymosins and thymocytes
-
macrophages and lymphocytes
-
B-cells and T-cells
Pregunta 46
Pregunta
Essentially the spleen is responsible for:
Respuesta
-
lymph node regulation
-
filtration and monitoring of the blood
-
homeostasis
-
movement
Pregunta 47
Pregunta
The human body must defend against bacterial, viral, fungal, and parasitic infections. In order to do this, the body must
Respuesta
-
prevent entry
-
destroy pathogens after they enter the body
-
create acid to kill organisms
-
A and B
Pregunta 48
Pregunta
The two types of responses for destroying pathogens are
Respuesta
-
fast and slow
-
high and low risk
-
innate and adaptive
-
common and uncommon
Pregunta 49
Pregunta
______ are responses that act the same way for every pathogen.
Respuesta
-
innate (nonspecific)
-
adaptive (specific)
-
immediate
-
gradual
Pregunta 50
Pregunta
________ are responses that act a particular way for a specific pathogen
Respuesta
-
innate (non-specific)
-
adaptive (specific)
-
immediate
-
gradual
Pregunta 51
Pregunta
Species resistance, mechanical barriers, chemical barriers, natural killer cells, inflammation, phagocytosis, and fever are examples of
Respuesta
-
innate response
-
adaptive response
-
immediate response
-
gradual response
Pregunta 52
Pregunta
Specialized lymphocytes recognizing non-self antigens, B-cells, and T-cells are examples of
Respuesta
-
innate defense
-
adaptive defense
-
immediate defense
-
gradual defense
Pregunta 53
Pregunta
As far as innate defenses, one species is not affected by the disease of another because the cells of the unaffected species have:
Respuesta
-
too many receptors for the pathogen
-
non-compatibility
-
no receptors for pathogen, incorrect temperature or chemical environment
-
none of the above
Pregunta 54
Pregunta
Skin, mucous membranes of respiratory tract, tears, sweat, urine, and saliva make up the "________________" and are _______ _________.
Respuesta
-
second line of defense; adaptive defenses
-
first line of defense; innate responses
-
mechanisms of defense; superficial defenders
Pregunta 55
Pregunta
Enzymatic, accumulation of salt from perspiration, and interferons are also part of _________ _________, are known as chemical barriers (or the ___________________).
Respuesta
-
adaptive defense; second line defenses
-
innate defense; first line defense
-
innate defense; second line defense
Pregunta 56
Pregunta
___________ are hormone like peptides released by lymphocytes and fibroblasts in response to viral infections. They stimulate cells to synthesize proteins that block the replication of a variety of viruses and stimulate phagocytosis.
Respuesta
-
Enzymatic
-
phagocytes
-
macrophages
-
interferons
Pregunta 57
Pregunta
The ________ ______ is a group of proteins in plasma and other body fluids that react with pathogens and begin a biochemical cascade.
Respuesta
-
Complement System
-
Enzymatic proteins
-
Interferon groups
-
plasma clots
Pregunta 58
Pregunta
The ________ ______ is a group of proteins in plasma and other body fluids that react with pathogens and begin a biochemical cascade.
Respuesta
-
Complement System
-
Enzymatic proteins
-
Interferon groups
-
plasma clots
Pregunta 59
Pregunta
Complement contains to pathways known as
Respuesta
-
main and side pathways
-
enzymatic and interferon pathways
-
classical and alternative pathways
-
superior and inferior pathways
Pregunta 60
Pregunta
Complement activation stimulates
Respuesta
-
inflammation
-
attracts phagocytes
-
enhances phagocytosis
-
all of the above
Pregunta 61
Pregunta
The pathway that causes protein to bind to the antibody attached to the specific antigen is
Respuesta
-
enzymatic pathway
-
alternative pathway
-
classical pathway
-
superior pathway
Pregunta 62
Pregunta
This pathways occurs in the absence of antibodies in response to foreign antigens - binding does not have to happen
Respuesta
-
classical pathway
-
interferon pathway
-
alternative pathway
-
enzymatic pathway
Pregunta 63
Pregunta
Natural killer cells derive from a small population of
Respuesta
-
macrophages
-
lymphocytes
-
interferons
-
complements
Pregunta 64
Pregunta
The lymphocytes in natural killer cells are different than the lymphocytes that provide
Respuesta
-
innate immunity
-
adaptive immunity
-
complements
Pregunta 65
Pregunta
Natural killer cells secrete ______ that destroys the cell membrane of infective cells
Respuesta
-
enzymes
-
lymph
-
perforins
-
serum
Pregunta 66
Pregunta
Natural killer cells secrete chemicals that increase ____________
Respuesta
-
temperature
-
blood flow
-
heart rate
-
inflammation
Pregunta 67
Pregunta
Histamine released localized redness, swelling, heat, and pain can be defined as
Respuesta
-
infection
-
injury
-
inflammation
-
disease
Pregunta 68
Pregunta
What accumulates at the site of inflammation?
Respuesta
-
red blood cells
-
white blood cells
-
lymph
-
plasma
Pregunta 69
Pregunta
What is responsible for "walling off" the inflamed area?
Respuesta
-
fibroblasts
-
tissue fluids
-
white blood cells
-
lymph
Pregunta 70
Pregunta
Fibroblasts "wall off" inflammation to
Respuesta
-
maintain blood flow
-
phagocytize pathogen
-
isolate the pathogen
-
all of the above
Pregunta 71
Pregunta
What removes foreign particles from lymph?
Respuesta
-
inflammation
-
fever
-
phagocytosis
-
natural killer cells
Pregunta 72
Pregunta
fibrinogen turns into fibrin, which starts the ___________ process
Respuesta
-
inflammatory
-
clotting
-
phagocytosis
-
enzymatic
Pregunta 73
Pregunta
Fever causes the liver to hold onto ________, which in turn starves the pathogen - especially in __________.
Respuesta
-
sodium; viruses
-
iron; bacteria
-
calcium; pathogens
-
phosphate; viruses
Pregunta 74
Pregunta
Viral/bacterial infections stimulate lymphocytes to proliferate and produce ________, which is responsible for a fever.
Respuesta
-
interleukin 1
-
interleukin 2
-
phagocytosis
-
inflammation
Pregunta 75
Pregunta
Fever causes __________ cells to attack pathogens more rigorously.
Respuesta
-
natural killer
-
phagocytic
-
enzymatic
-
inflammatory
Pregunta 76
Pregunta
Adaptive immunity is the ____ line of defense.
Respuesta
-
1
-
2
-
3
-
4
Pregunta 77
Pregunta
The resistance to specific pathogens or their toxins/metabolic products is known as
Respuesta
-
susceptibility
-
immunity
-
resistance
-
none of the above
Pregunta 78
Pregunta
_________ allow the body to recognize it's "self" v "non-self"
Respuesta
-
pathogens
-
white blood cells
-
lymphocytes
-
antigens
Pregunta 79
Pregunta
Anything that illicits an immune response, but is NOT an pathogen itself is known as
Respuesta
-
antibody
-
antigen
-
leukocyte
-
lymphatic cell
Pregunta 80
Pregunta
Proteins, polysaccharides, glycoproteins, and glycolipids can all be
Respuesta
-
pathogens
-
antigens
-
antibodies
-
enzymes
Pregunta 81
Pregunta
_____________ and _________ recognize "self" v "non-self" antigens and carry out the adaptive immune response
Respuesta
-
antigens and pathogens
-
leukocytes and red blood cells
-
lymphocytes and macrophages
-
B and T cells
Pregunta 82
Pregunta
Lymphocytes originate in
Respuesta
-
red bone marrow
-
lymph nodes
-
medulla oblongata
-
spleen
Pregunta 83
Pregunta
About half of lymphocytes reach the thymus, where they become
Respuesta
-
macrophages
-
thymoisins
-
thymocytes
-
natural killer cells
Pregunta 84
Pregunta
Thymocytes different into _____ cells and make up 70-80% of circulating lymphocytes
Respuesta
-
B
-
T
-
C
-
D
Pregunta 85
Pregunta
____ cells are found in lymph nodes, thoracic duct, and white pulp of the spleen
Respuesta
-
T
-
B
-
D
-
E
Pregunta 86
Pregunta
The lymphocytes that remain in the red bone marrow differentiate into __ lymphocytes (or cells)
Respuesta
-
T
-
B
-
D
-
E
Pregunta 87
Pregunta
__ cells are found in the lymph nodes, spleen, bone marrow, and intestinal lining, and make up 20-30% of circulating lymphocytes
Respuesta
-
T
-
B
-
C
-
D
Pregunta 88
Pregunta
B and T cells originate from a single cell forming a _____ of cells
Respuesta
-
division
-
clone
-
separation
Pregunta 89
Pregunta
Members of a variety of B or T cells share _________ receptors that only respond to a specific antigen
Respuesta
-
chemical
-
temperature
-
pathogen
-
antigen
Pregunta 90
Pregunta
___ cells must be activated before it can respond to an antigen because they interact directly with infected cells
Respuesta
-
B
-
T
-
C
-
D
Pregunta 91
Pregunta
The activation of T cells must occur via an _________ -__________ cell. These include: macrophages, B-cells, and several others
Respuesta
-
pathogen-activating
-
antigen-activating
-
clotting-activating
-
plasma-activating
Pregunta 92
Pregunta
Macrophage engulfs cell, lysosome digests bacteria, bacterial antigens leave lysosome and move to the surface of a macrophage are all results of
Respuesta
-
B cell activation
-
D cell activation
-
natural killer cells
-
T cell activation
Pregunta 93
Pregunta
____ cell activation is displayed near major histacompatability complex (MHC) or human leukocyte antigens (HLA)
Respuesta
-
B
-
C
-
T
-
D
Pregunta 94
Pregunta
What is it called when activated T cells can interact directly with the antigen presenting cell?
Respuesta
-
T cell activation response
-
cellular immune response
-
cell-mediated immunity
-
B & C
Pregunta 95
Pregunta
____ cells make and secrete cytokines which enhance cellular responses to antigens, as well as secrete toxins to kill antigen-bearing target cells (growth inhibiting factors against target cells)
Respuesta
-
A
-
B
-
T
-
F
Pregunta 96
Pregunta
_________ cells becomes activated when its antigen receptor combines with the displayed foreign antigen; also stimulates B cells through cytokines to produce antibodies
Respuesta
-
cytotoxic T cells
-
Helper T cells
-
activated T cells
-
unactivated T cells
Pregunta 97
Pregunta
The CD4 helper T cell is the target of
Respuesta
-
herpes
-
HIV
-
influenza
-
syphallis
Pregunta 98
Pregunta
Helper T cells produce
Respuesta
-
cytotoxic T cells
-
B cells
-
natural killer cells
-
lymphocytes
Pregunta 99
Pregunta
Cytotoxic T cells recognize
Respuesta
-
pathogens
-
self-antigens
-
non-self antigens on virally infected and cancer cells
-
none of these
Pregunta 100
Pregunta
__________ (interluekin 2) from an activated helper T cell activate the cytotoxic T cell and helps it to proliferate
Respuesta
-
Enzymatic
-
Cytokines
-
Plasmids
Pregunta 101
Pregunta
Cytotoxic T cells bind to antigen bearing cells to produce
Respuesta
-
natural killer cells
-
plasmids
-
antibodies
-
perforins
Pregunta 102
Pregunta
What cells help for future immune protection
Respuesta
-
helper T cells
-
cytotoxic T cells
-
memory T cells
-
B cells
Pregunta 103
Pregunta
Memory T cells derive from
Respuesta
-
B cells
-
Helper T cells
-
Natural Killer Cells
-
Cytotoxic T cells
Pregunta 104
Pregunta
CD8 T cells are responsible for messenger T cells. After cellular division, one daughter cell becomes a ____________ and the other becomes a _______
Respuesta
-
macrophage, lymphocyte
-
cytotoxic T cell; memory T cell
-
natural killer cell; helper T cell
Pregunta 105
Pregunta
________ cells do NOT respond to the original exposure
Respuesta
-
Memory T cells
-
Cytotoxic T cells
-
Helper T cells
-
B cells
Pregunta 106
Pregunta
Which cell divides and differentiates upon subsequent exposure to the same antigen?
Respuesta
-
Helper T cells
-
Memory T Cells
-
Cytotoxic T cells
-
B cells
Pregunta 107
Pregunta
_____ cells become activated when antigen interacts with surface receptors
Respuesta
-
T
-
C
-
B
-
R
Pregunta 108
Pregunta
If a B cell becomes activated when an antigen interacts with surface receptors, it results in ______ of the clone; needs helper T cell
Respuesta
-
phagocytosis
-
proliferation
-
division
-
multiplication
Pregunta 109
Pregunta
Clones of B cells differentiate into
Respuesta
-
helper B cells and cytotoxic B cells
-
natural killer cells
-
lymphocytes
-
memory B cells and plasma cells
Pregunta 110
Pregunta
Plasma cells are the cells that produce
Respuesta
-
antigens
-
clotting factors
-
antibodies
-
enzyme
Pregunta 111
Pregunta
Another word for antibodies is
Respuesta
-
immunoglobulins
-
antigens
-
humoral agents
Pregunta 112
Pregunta
Immunoglobulins/antibodies can combine with the antigen on the pathogen and act against it, this is known as
Respuesta
-
reflex response
-
pathogenic response
-
antigenic response
-
humoral response
Pregunta 113
Pregunta
A single B cell can make a _______ response
Respuesta
-
single
-
multiple
-
duplicate
-
triple
Pregunta 114
Pregunta
Different antigens on the surface of pathogens illicit a response from different B cells; this is known as a ________ (many) response
Respuesta
-
triadic
-
polyhedral
-
polyclonal
-
multiple
Pregunta 115
Pregunta
Antibody molecules are made of ________ and ______ chains
Respuesta
-
small and large
-
light and dark
-
dark and heavy
-
heavy and light
Pregunta 116
Pregunta
The light chains of antibodies have fewer
Respuesta
-
peptide chains
-
amino acids
-
sucrose chains
-
lipids
Pregunta 117
Pregunta
Antibodies have a ___ shape
Respuesta
-
X
-
H
-
O
-
Y
Pregunta 118
Pregunta
Variable regions of have and light chains allow for specificity to different
Respuesta
-
pathogens
-
enzymes
-
amino acids
-
antigens
Pregunta 119
Pregunta
Antibodies react to antigens by
Respuesta
-
Directly attacking antigens
-
activating complement
-
stimulating inflammation
-
all of the above
Pregunta 120
Pregunta
Agglutination, precipitation, and neutralization are responsible in a
Respuesta
-
direct attack
-
activating of complement
-
stimulating inflammation
Pregunta 121
Pregunta
Agglutination causes antigens to ____, making them easier to find
Respuesta
-
dissolve
-
clump
-
phagocytize
-
lysis
Pregunta 122
Pregunta
Precipitation causes antigens to become insoluble in
Respuesta
-
water
-
lipids
-
blood
-
plasma
Pregunta 123
Pregunta
When an antibody attaches to toxic portions of antigen and eliminates the effect, it is called
Respuesta
-
destruction
-
death
-
lysis
-
neutralization
Pregunta 124
Pregunta
Activation of complement is most important under _____ conditions
Respuesta
-
dyer
-
normal
-
abnormal
Pregunta 125
Pregunta
_________________ occurs when IgG or IgM antibodies combine with antigens and expose a portion of the constant region; this leads to the initiation of compliment proteins
Respuesta
-
activation of complement
-
direct attack
-
inflammation
Pregunta 126
Pregunta
Opsonization, chemotaxis, agglutination, lysis, and neutralization are effects of
Respuesta
-
activation of complement
-
initiation of complement
-
direct attack
-
inflammation
Pregunta 127
Pregunta
IgE promotes
Respuesta
-
direct attack
-
initiation of complement
-
activation of complement
-
inflammation
Pregunta 128
Pregunta
IgE is found on
Respuesta
-
mast cells
-
lymphatic cells
-
B cells
-
T cells
Pregunta 129
Pregunta
Complexing with an antigen causes the release of ______ and other biochemicals (which causes vasodilation)
Respuesta
-
epinephrine
-
norepinephrine
-
histamines
-
antibodies
Pregunta 130
Pregunta
Inflammation can be so intense that it damages
Respuesta
-
cells
-
antibodies
-
tissues
-
blood vessels
Pregunta 131
Pregunta
The primary immune response first occurs when B and T cells
Respuesta
-
enzyme
-
antigen
-
pathogen
-
antibody
Pregunta 132
Pregunta
Plasma cells release the antibodies ______ then _____ into the lymph in a primary immune response
Respuesta
-
IgE then IgM
-
IgM then IgE
-
IgG then IgM
-
IgM then IgG
Pregunta 133
Pregunta
The primary immune response lasts
Respuesta
-
hours
-
days
-
minutes
-
weeks
Pregunta 134
Pregunta
In a primary immune response, some B cells become
Respuesta
-
helper cells
-
natural killer cells
-
memory cells
-
cytotoxic cells
Pregunta 135
Pregunta
The secondary immune response is
Respuesta
-
faster and stronger
-
slower and weaker
-
more dangerous
-
no different
Pregunta 136
Pregunta
In a secondary response, if the memory cells encounter an identical antigen, they can rapidly (a day or two) produce ____ to combat it
Respuesta
-
IgM
-
IgG
-
IgE
-
IgJ
Pregunta 137
Pregunta
Why do follicular dendritic cells in the lymph nodes slowly release viral antigens after initial infection?
Respuesta
-
to weaken immune system further
-
to kill any left over pathogens
-
to keep immune system in check; strong.
Pregunta 138
Pregunta
When does naturally acquired active immunity develop?
Respuesta
-
before exposure to antigen
-
after primary immune response to exposure of live pathogen
-
after secondary immune response to exposure of live pathogen
-
after exposure to dead pathogen
Pregunta 139
Pregunta
An example of artificially acquired active immunity are
Respuesta
-
cultures
-
vaccinations
-
fruits
Pregunta 140
Pregunta
Antigens that stimulate primary immune response but does not produce symptoms of that disease are known as
Respuesta
-
medicines
-
vaccinations
-
antigenic factors
-
pathogenic factors
Pregunta 141
Pregunta
bacteria or viruses that have been killed or weakened, toxoids, and single glycoproteins from a pathogen's surface can be used to make
Respuesta
-
vaccinations
-
steroids
-
pathogens
-
antibodies
Pregunta 142
Pregunta
Artificially acquired passive immunity can be achieved by
Respuesta
-
taking vitamins
-
injection of antibodies or antitoxins
-
medicine
-
none of the above
Pregunta 143
Pregunta
Artificially acquired passive immunity is _________ _____ and _________ is possible
Respuesta
-
long term; immunity
-
short term; immunity
-
long term; re-infection
-
short term; reinfection
Pregunta 144
Pregunta
IgG molecules that move from mother to baby through fetal blood supply and breast milk are considered to be
Respuesta
-
artificially acquired passive immunity
-
naturally acquired passive immunity
-
neither
Pregunta 145
Pregunta
Allergic reactions are very similar to a ________ response
Respuesta
-
immune
-
homeostasis
-
neither
Pregunta 146
Pregunta
Both allergic reactions and immune responses are due to
Respuesta
-
sensitizing of macrophages
-
mast cells
-
sensitizing of lymphocytes
-
norepinephrine
Pregunta 147
Pregunta
Allergic reactions are response to _____________ substances
Respuesta
-
non-harmful
-
harmful
-
pathogenic
-
carcinogenic
Pregunta 148
Pregunta
Allergic reactions may
Respuesta
-
damage tissues
-
kill brain cells
-
cause blood clotting
-
raise hormone levels
Pregunta 149
Pregunta
Hypersensitivity reactions are also known as
Respuesta
-
immune responses
-
allergic reactions
-
skin conditions
Pregunta 150
Pregunta
Allergic reactions are triggered by antigens called
Respuesta
-
histamines
-
epinephrine
-
allergens
-
pathogens
Pregunta 151
Pregunta
Immediate-reaction allergy (type I), antibody-dependent cytotoxic reactions (type II), immune complex reactions (type III), and delayed-reaction allergy (type IV) are all
Respuesta
-
allergic reactions
-
immune responses
-
allergic categories
Pregunta 152
Pregunta
Immediate-Reaction allergies (type I) is known as
Respuesta
-
cytotoxic allergies
-
anaphylactic allergies
-
antigen allergies
Pregunta 153
Pregunta
Type I allergic reaction occurs _________ after contact with the allergen
Respuesta
-
hours
-
weeks
-
minutes
-
months
Pregunta 154
Pregunta
Inherited tendency is to ____________ produce IgE in response to particular antigens
Respuesta
-
over
-
under
-
not
Pregunta 155
Pregunta
B cells, mast cells, IgE, and allergy mediators (histamine, prostaglandin D2, and leukotrines) are all part of
Respuesta
-
anaphylaxes
-
mechanism of allergy
-
allergens
-
cytotoxic reactions
Pregunta 156
Pregunta
What cells must be sensitive to the allergen before you can become allergic?
Respuesta
-
T cells
-
mast
-
B cells
-
luekocytes
Pregunta 157
Pregunta
Because B cells must be sensitive to the allergen before you can become allergic, that means
Respuesta
-
the first exposure will not cause an allergic reaction
-
exposures after the initial exposure will cause an allergic reaction
-
A & B
-
neither
Pregunta 158
Pregunta
The severe form of Type I allergy is known as
Respuesta
-
immune response
-
allergic reaction
-
anaphylactic shock
Pregunta 159
Pregunta
Sense of apprehension then body itching and breaking out in hives, vomiting and diarrhea, and difficulty breathing due to face, tongue, and larynx swelling is a result of
Respuesta
-
allergic reaction
-
allergens
-
anaphylactic shock
Pregunta 160
Pregunta
One can treat anaphylactic shock by
Respuesta
-
epinephrine
-
emergency tracheotomies
-
neither
-
both
Pregunta 161
Pregunta
Corneas, kidneys, lungs, pancreas, bone marrow, liver, heart, skin are all organs that can be
Respuesta
-
removed
-
transplanted
-
susceptible to anaphylaxis
Pregunta 162
Pregunta
After an organ transplant, there is a risk of the _____ attacking the _______
Respuesta
-
host; organ
-
organ; host
-
both
-
neither
Pregunta 163
Pregunta
Tissue rejection resembles the immune response to
Respuesta
-
hormones
-
antibodies
-
pathogens
-
antigens
Pregunta 164
Pregunta
The speed and severity of a tissue rejection reaction depends on the amount of similarity between recipient and donor's ______ complexes
Respuesta
-
TRH
-
MHC
-
mast cell
-
histamine
Pregunta 165
Pregunta
When the body fails to be able to differentiate between "self" and "non-self" is called
Respuesta
-
dissociative disorder
-
identity crisis
-
antibody complex
-
autoimmunity
Pregunta 166
Pregunta
Autoimmunity produces
Respuesta
-
antibodies
-
autoantibodies
-
enzymes
Pregunta 167
Pregunta
Autoimmunity results in the _____ cells attacking the body's tissues and organs
Respuesta
-
lymphocytes
-
mast
-
cytotoxic T cells
-
memory T cells
Pregunta 168
Pregunta
An example of autoimmune diseases are
Respuesta
-
rheumatoid arthritis
-
diabetes type I
-
neither
-
both
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