Fichas
beliefs
Fichas del conjunto (131)
- 1define churchlarge, formal organisation that tries to appeal to all members of society
- 2what is a denominationa smaller formal religious group that branches off the church
otherworldly
world accomodating
e.g. baptist, Methodist and Pentecostalism - 3what is a sectthey are not bureaucratic and hierarchal but more egalitarian - a charismatic leader
do not tolerate others
world rejecting
e.g. heavens gate - 4what is a cultlike a business
has a loose structure
'this-worldly'
have open membership
attracts higher class as it emphasises on opportunity and success
world affirming
e.g. Scientology - 5Wallis Typology (1984)the classification system to an understand what type of groups to join
world rejecting - extreme (sects)
world accommodating - tolerance/ accepts society (denomination)
World affirming - celebrate, enjoy, embrace (cult)
Marginalisation - Smaller groups - gives status - 6world rejectinge.g. heaven gate
clearly religious organisations with a clear notion of god
seek change
members live communally, with restricted contact with outside world
conservative moral codes e.g. Sex - 7world accommodatingbreakaway from existing mainstream churches or denomination e.g. Pentecostalism
Neither accept nor reject the world, focus on religion - 8World affirmingAccept world as it is
they are non-exclusive and tolerant of others e.g. cults. - 9Stark and Bainbridges+b subdivide cults according to how they are organised
Audience Cults
Client cults
Cultic movements - 10Audience cultsleast organised do not involve formal membership
little interaction between members - use media - 11Client cultsbased on relationships between a consultant and a client and provide services for their followers
- 12Cultic Movementsmost organised and demand higher levels of commitment than other cults
- 13why are sects short lived-commitment
-protestant ethnic effect
- death of charismatic Leader
-changing circumstances
-religious diversity
-sectarian cycle
evaluation is Wilson - established sects - Jehovah witnesses
- conversionist sect - salvation army
introversionist sect - Amish
revolution - Jehovah witness - 14why do people join NRMMarginality
relative deprivation
social change
key to success
disenchantment with-in in the world
status frustration - 15theories of religion----
- 16functionalistreligions is part of the value consensus.
meritocracy
solidarity
harmony
security and peace
functionalist believe society is a system of interrelated parts or social institutions, such as religion
ev ignores division and conflict - 17Durheimworshipping society, in places of worship, celebrate of society and condeming bad
profane - ordinary things
sacred - blessed, has a meaning
totemism - studied the aborignes tribe that live in clans and worship a symbol - represents power of the group
criticism
Small scale study
outdated
no relative - 18Malinowskireligion helps with life crisis - birth, marriage and death by providing rituals e.g. baptism, funeral etc
Trobriand Islanders - Pacific - pray before fishing in the ocean due to the danger
rituals provide comfort - 19Parsonmeaning of life - ticket to heaven
creates and legitimates central values
its a primary source of meaning - 20Bellahcivil religion
Nationalism e.g. Princess Diana death and funeral, football world cup
ev - no superpower - 21Marxismsee societies as divided into two class which exploits the labour of the other.
- 22religious ideology LeninSpiritual gin - sees as an intoxicant doled out to the masses by the ruling class to confuse them and keep them in their place.
mystical fog
hymm - all things bright and beautiful - 23alienation - Marxreligion is a product of alienation becuase it involves becoming sperate frim or losing the control over somethin that one has produced or lost - expolt w/c
religion as an Opium of people - just masks the pain rather than treating it.
religion is a tool for oppression that masks exploItation and creates false consciousness - 24EV - Althusserrejects the concept of alienation as unscientific as based on a romantic ideA that human beings have true-self
- 25Examples to back up MarxistsCaste system
divine rights of kings
methodist church 298- - 26Feminismevidence of patriarchy
religious form of feminism - 27armstrongReligious Organisations - mainly male dominated despite Women often participate more than men e.g.catholics forbid women to become priests. shes sees this as marginalisation.
place of worship - often segregate the sexes and marginalise women. Women are also restricted from reading sacred texts. e.g. Islam - menstruating women are not allowed to touch the Qu'ran
Sacred texts - feature the doing of male gods prophets etc and are usually written and interpreted by men. Stone reflect anti-female stereotypes e.g. Eve from the garden of Eden
religious laws and customs - women are given fewer rights than men e.g. Divorce. Religious influence on cultural norms may lead to unequal treatment such as genital mutilation or punishment for sexual transgression. Many religions legitimate and regulate women's traditional and reproductive role e.g. catholic bans abortion and artifical contraception - 28evaluation of Armstrong importance of female godsArmstrong- early religions often placed women at the centre e.g. earth mother goddess, fertility cult etc nut 4000 years ago the rise of monotheistic religions saw the establishment often single, all-powerful male gods.
Saadawi - it's not a direct cause of subordination, just a result of patriarchy contributing to women oppression. patriarchy re-shapes religion - reinterpreting.
Watson study and Woodhead- shows how young Muslim girls felt liberated by wearing their Hijab than older people felt like it was not needed. - 29religious forms of feminismWoodhead criticises feminist explanations that simply equate religion with patriarchy and the oppression of women. Accepting that much traditional religion. She argues that there are religious forms of feminism ways in which women use religion to gain greater freedom and respect
shes uses the hijab as western feminists sees it as a symbol of oppression as the wearer sees it as liberating.
Gilliat - Ray - young british Muslim Women choose to wear a hijab in order to gain parental approval to enter further education and especially employment.
Bruce - found belonging to a pentecostalist group can be empowering for some women. Despite the strong beliefs in traditional gender roles that such groups held, women are able to use religion to increase their power and influence. - 30piety movementsRinaldo sees this pattern as typical of conservative movements that support traditional teachings about women's role, modest dress, prayer and bible study.
Rinaldo argues that even within conservative religions, women find ways to further their own interests. However, m/c urban women (most likely to join piety movements) have Other resources such as education and income to pursue their goals - 31Liberal Protestant organisationsuch as the Quakers are committed to gender equality and women playing leading roles
feminists see religion as an instrument of patriarchy - a set of beliefs and practices responsible for women's subordination. Some feminists argue that religion is not always patriarchal. - 32conservative beliefsreligion functions to preserve things as they are
they maintain the Status Quo - 33weberReligion makes change
calvinism -Capitalism - religion (Methodist)
Elect - guaranteed a ticket to heaven - lived an ascetic (Humble/simple) and successful life by investing in factories and business
salvation panic as they didn't know who was an elect
Calvinism - this worldly - 34evaluation of Weberev Weber- Hinduism - ascetic and otherworldly
Confucianism - not ascetic and this-worldly
no capitalism
kautsky argues that Weber overestimates the role of the ideas and underestimates economic factors in bringing capitalism preceded rather than followed Calvinism - 35religion and social protest american civil rightsBruce - comparison
the American civil rights - the struggle of the black civil rights movement of the 50's and 60's to end racial segregation is an example of a religiously motivated social struggle. Black clergy was able to shame whites into changing the law by appealing to their shared Christian values of equality - 36relgious organisation contributed to social change bytaking the moral high ground- Black clergy pointed out the hypocrisy of white clergy who preached love thy neighbour but support segregation.
channelling dissent - religion provides channels to express political dissent e.g. funeral of MLK
acting as honest broker - churches provide a context for negotiating changes because they often respected by both sides in a conflict and seen as standing above 'mere politics'
Mobilising public opinion - black churches in the south successfully campaigned for the support across the world of America
puts change into shaming those in power to put practice the principle of equality. - 37New Christian rightpolitically and morally conservative. they wish to turn the clock back to a time before liberation began. According to Bruce they failed because most America has liberal and democratic values.
to achieve success the beliefs and demands of religiously motivated protest movements need to be consistent with wider society
the civil rights movement did but the Christian movement has failed to do so. - 38Marxism and change dual charcterBloch - principle of hope
having a dual character - negative and positive influence on social change
Marxist often inhibit change but he emphasises that it can also inspire protest and rebellion
Principle of hope - our dreams of a better life that contain images of utopia
reward of heaven - 39liberation theologyS. America 1960
clergy - poor people who needed help
Government was corrupt
-rural poverty and growth of urban slums
- human rights abuses following military overtake
- the growing commitment of Catholic priests to Ideology that support the poor and opposed violations
70'S Base communites - support centres
- education
-financial aid
-fid oppression
religion is changed
80's pope disagreed
returned to support capitalism - 40pentecostal challengeliberation theology has faced competition from Pentecostal churches. lehmann
liberation theory offers a radical solution to poverty while Pentecostalist's solution is conservative - 41millenarian movementsthe idea behind this is to create a better world now. they expect a transformation of the world by supernatural means. the group will be saved not just the individual.
e.g. Jehovah's witness
worsley - appeals to the poor who are offered immediate improvement in their life
cargo cults - approach religious ideas to unite native populations from diseparate tribes, this unity helped hem overthrow colonisers, thus bringing social change. - 42Gramscihegemony - power over the people
Counter revolution - w/c overthrow hegemonic power through religion as it creates organic intellectuals who challenge hegemony. - 43Religion and class conflictbillings - coal miners in Kentucky - men - more unitied
-organic intellituals
-has churches to organise themselves
-churches kept morale high
against textilies workers - women - independent
- lack leadership
-only had company churches to meet
- churches saw them as communist - 44secularisation evidencestatistics - wilson found 5% only attendent church on sundays
attendence -only 40% attendented in 1998now it on a rapid decrease.
religious beliefs are declining - 45Weber: rationalisationprocess that undermines the religious worldview of the middle ages and replaced it with the rational scientific outlook found in modern society.
- 46disenchantmentmagic has been squeezed out of religion but people are believing in more practical and scientific beliefs.
- 47a technological worldviewbruce - this technological worldview has largely replaced religious or supernatural explanations of why things happen.
leaves little room for religious explanations in everyday life, which only survive in areas where technology is least effective - 48structural differentiationParsons defines structural differentiation as a process of specialisation that occurs with the development of industrial society
- 49disengagementreligion has become disconnected from wider society as it doesn't have an influence on education, welfare or state.
- 50social and cultural diversitythe decline of community - in pre-industrial communities shared values were expressed through collective religious rituals that integrated individuals and regulated their behaviour. However, it lost vitality when religion lost basis
industrialisation - see this as undermining the consensus of religious beliefs that hold small communities give way to large urban communities with diverse beliefs and values. Social and geographical mobility broke up communities but brought people together
the diversity of occupations, cultures and lifestyle undermine religion. - 51social and cultural diversity cricitismsreligion can be a source of identity on th worldview scale
some religious communities are imagined communities that interact the use of global media
pentecostal often flourish in impersonal urban areas. - 52religious diversitythe sacred canopy - a set of shared beliefs by all. these beliefs greater plausability because they has no challengers and the church version of the truth was unquestioned
however society no longer single sacred canopy provided by one church. - 53plausibility structureberger argues that this creates a crisis of credibility for religion. Diversity undermines the reasons why people find it believable. when there are alternative versions of religion to chose from.
- 54cultural defenceis where religion provides a focal point for the defence of national, ethnic, local or group identity in a struggle against an external force such as a hostile foreign power
- 55cultural transitionis where religion provides support and a sense of community for ethnic groups such as migrants to different country and culture.
- 56Cultural defence and transition citicismsBerger changed his view and now argues that diversity and choice actually stimulate interest in religion
- 57secularisation in America1962 - wilson 45% attended church
- superfical - american way of life
bruce - decline in attendence - poll 1993 - 40% usa however 83% higher than actual stats
why lie - sociably desirable answer
Bruce - secularisation from within
psychologised therapy
no longer seeing salvation, they want personal improvement
- church going is much less strict
- less dogmatic
practical relativism - accept there are other views
- erosion of absolutism( one god)
- too many religions - too many metanarrative
- undermines our own views - 58criticisms of secularisation theory- it changing form
-theory is one sided , focuses on decline and not new forms
-ignores people who want to go church
- eurocentric
-past was not a golden age failure will not be atheist. - 59evidence against secularisationit's changing
religion is only declining in Europe - 60postmodernist Obligation to consumptionNRM are increasing - individualism, choice, consumption
- 61daviebelieving without belonging - more privatised
France - less children belonging Baptised
- more adult choosing baptised - 62vicarious religion- less clergy - minority
- practising on behalf of majority
still feel identity with the church
- the church is a spiritual Health service
people use it when they need to
baptisms, wedding, funerals
USA - high attendance
G.b - Low attendance - 63crticismsVoas + Crickett - belief and belonging are both declining
Bruce - if they don't physical attend a place of worship shows no commitment
day - 72% christian
no revealing religion - non religious marker
belief in belonging - 64Spiritual shoppingLeger - young people stopped going to church - cultural anaemia
due to social equality - young - choice
no religious duty
but religion is not disappearing
individual consumerism has replaced collective tradition
1 pilgrims - New age
2 converts - evangelical
religion is not a collective identity - 65postmodern lyon - growth of NRMsdisembedded - moved out of its traditional location
electronic church - online
televangelism
- deinstitutionalised - detached
Hellend - religion online - top down - hierarchical - sogs of prays
- online religion - cyber religion - sense of community
- can respond - 66criticismsHoover - All of above supplement, not a substitute
- 67religious consumerismconstructing our own identities
leger - Pick n mix = individualism
lyon - choice - 68Criticismstoo many metanarratives but lyon believe NRMs - evolving
- 69new agespiritual revolution and spiritual market
lyon - re- enchantment
weber - no rationality - 70criticismshowever it does not outwigh the decline in tradition religion
- the problem of scale
-socialisation of the next generation
-weak commitment
structural weakness - 71religious market theorystark and Bainbridge
secularisation theory - eurocentric
USA religion is growing
no golden age of religion
1 people are naturally religious and religion meets human needs - compensation - heaven
2 its a human nature to seek reward and avoid costs
religious cycle
decline - revive - renewal
customers - compensation - 72competition in religious market theoryUSA - competition - religion - choice, diversity - growth - televangelism - hare khisna/ moonies
supply japan - prewar - shint - postwar choice relgion increases
europe - monopoly of religion - decline - 73criticismsBruce- diversity - decline
bruce - secularisation is worldwide and steadily decline
Norns + Inglehart - Ireland - catholic - religion is strong
- holland - choice - religion is weak
contraditicting S+B
Naturally religious - what does it mean? how? - 74existential security theoryreligion gives comfort
poor - more religious- has a high demand
rich- non-religion - less demand
USA- poor/rich - side by side
-no welfare of state - religion
- religion still answers ultimate question - mening of life - 75criticismsnot always a negative response people choose a religion - positive
- quantitive data - income level - 76why are ethnic minority group more relgigious-community identity/ defence
-social deprivation, marginality and status -frustration
-family pressure
-social identity - 77gender and religion - why are women more religious-greater life expectancy
-social deprivation, Marginality and theory of disprivilege
- Status frustration
-Socialisation, motherhood and feminity
- the declining participation of women - 78why do old people turn to religion-disengagement
-religious socialization
- Ill health and death - 79why do young people seem to be less religious than older people-the declining attraction from religion
- the expanding spiritual market
- the privatisation of beliefs - believing without belonging
- secular spirituality and the sacred
- secularization and the decline of metanarratives
- Declining religion education
- Pragmatic reasons - too busy
ev - muslim religion is thriving - 80social class and religionpoor and religion
churches and denominations
secs, cults and new age - 81globalisationthe world is becoming smaller, connected, Internet
deterriotorialisation - religion is not tied to specific area, and geographical area
religion has become global - internet = pix and mix - 82User-orientated religious market transnationalless control
less monopoly
more information
works worldwide
UMMAH - muslim worldwide community
2005 - denmark - cartoon critising Mohammed - muslim worldwide untied - outcry against - 83four effects of globalisationfundamentalism
clash of civilisation
cultural defence
economic growth - 84the characteristics of fundamentalism-appeal to traditions
- an authoritive sacred text
- mentality
- aggressive reaction
- modern technology
-patriarchy
prophecy
conspiracy theories - 85fundamentalism and modernitydavie - fundamentalism happens when those who hold traditional orthodox beliefs and values are threatened by modernity and feel the need to define themselves products of modernity and feel they need to defend themselves
giddens argues that fundamentalism is a product of and reaction to globalisation which undermines traditional social norms concerning the nuclear family, gender and sexuality - 86cosmopolitanismtolerant of the view of others and open to new ideas, constantly reflecting on modifying beliefs in the lights of new info
personal meaning and self- improvement - 87fundamentalism is a response to living in....postmodernism
- 88resistance identitya defensive reaction of those who feel threatened and retreat into fundamentalist communities
- 89project identitythe response of those who are forward - looking and engage with social movement such as feminism and enviromentalism
- 90criticisms of response to fundamentalism- too sharply different cosmopolitanism and fundamentalism, ignore hybrid movement
- fixaed on fundamentalism, ifnore development
- lumps all types of fundamentalism together - 91monotheistic religiongod is seen through a single authoritive sacred tet. This beleieved to contain actually words of god and laids to follow
- 92two fundamentalismthe west - fundamentalism is most often a reaction to change taking place in society, especially the trends towards diversity and choice typical of secular late modern society
in third world, fundamentalism is usually a reaction to changes being thrust upon a society from outside e.g. iran - 93secular fundamentalismis a reaction to fundamentalism e.g. France - burka
- 94Clash of civilisation - Huntingtonsees conflict has intensified since the collapse of communism 1989 an are symptoms of clash of civilisation. However, Huntington the problem is not Islam, functionalism, he blames Islam itself
religious differences between civilisation are major sources of conflict due to globalisation has made nation- states less significant as a source of identity, creating a gap that religion has filled. Globalisation increases that contacts between civilisation, and the likelihood of conflict
sees struggle of progress against barbarism. He believes the wesr is underthreat especially from Islam and urges the west to reassert its identity as civilisation. - 95religion has increased .... between civilisation for economic are military power e.g middle eastcompetition
- 96CriticismsJackson see huntington work as orientation - stereotypes
-Casanova arues he ignores important religious diversity
- Horrie and Chipindale sees this as a grossly misleading neo-conservative ideology that portrays Islam as an enemy - 97god and globalisation in Indiaglobalisation has brought rapid economic growth and has sen India become a more important player in the world political state. it has brought rising prosperity to same - india m/c. 85% of the population in the rise of new Hindu ultra-nationalism
- 98hinduism and consumerismglobalisation has created a huge and prosperous scientifically educated, urban m/c in India working in IT, medicine etc to tied into global economy. these people turn to secularisation theory predict will be the first to abandon religion in favour of secular worldview
- 99Nanda rejects ...poverty and existential insecurity as an explanation because they are not poor. She also rejects the idea that their religiousity is a defensive reaction to modernisation/ westernisation. However, m/c are optimistic about opportunites that globalisation bring them.
- 100hinduism ultra-nationalismnanda notes that India's success in the global market is increasingly attributed to superiority of hindi values
the worship of Hindi gods has become the same as worshipping the nation of india seen as a civil religion, However this is creating a widening gulf between hinduism and non hindu minorities. - 101capitalism in east Asiathe success of capitalism in EA has led to some sociologist argue that religion that religion has played a role similar to the calvinism played in development of capitialism in europe
Tiger economics - 102Pentacostalism in latin Americaberger - functional equivilent to weber - calvinism
berger argees with weber that an ethnic like protestantism is necessary to promote economic development and rawe society out of poverty - can be lead by an active minority with this world ascetic e.g. pentacostalism - 103criticismsin Chile and S.Brazil
Berger underlines weber point that religious ideas alone are not enough to produce economic development - 104pentacostalism : Global and local lehnmannlehmann - Christianity accompanied colonisation and was imposed on the indigenous population by conquest - suppressing local religions
it spread because it gained a popular following from below - 105success of pentacostalism as a global religionpart to it is the ability to incorporate local beliefs. Although it preaches a similar message using imagery and sybolism drawn from local cultures and believe.
they create new local religious forms rather than simply replacing existing local beliefs with important one
sucessful developing countries cause it is able to appeal to the poor who make up the majority of the population because media is used to spread message. - 106ideology and science is religion seen as closed or open is science seen as closed or openreligion - sacred, fixed, inchanging, self reinforcing
science open - open to criticism, provisional refutable, potentially disprovable by testing - 107science as a belief systemopen, has an impact
- 108the impact of science- has changed everyday life e.g. medicine, transport
-technology has economic productivity and raises our standards of living
can cause global warming and weapons of mass destruction
science demonstrates the key feature distinguishing it from other belief systems as it is a cognitive power - predict and control the world in a way non-scientific beliefs cannot. - 109open belief systemPopper - science is an open belief system where every scientist's theories are open to scrutiny, criticism and testing by others.
falsificationism - scientists set out to try and falsify existing theories, deliberately seeking evidence that would disprove them. - 110popper and falsificationismif you discard falsified knowledge-claims is what enables scientific understanding of the world to grow. scientific knowledge is cumulative - it builds on the achievements of previous scientists to develop a greater understanding of the world.
- 111criticismthe achievements of great scientists, no theory is ever to be taken as definitely true - there is always a possibility that someone will produce evidence to disprove it e.g. the world being round.
in Popper's view, the key thing about scientific knowledge is that it is not sacred or absolute truth - it can always be questioned, criticised, tested and perhaps shown as false. - 112The CUDOS normsMerton agrees with popper but argues that science can only thrive as a major social institution if it receives support from other institutions and values.
Merton organised social activity needs an etho or set of norms that make scientists act in the way that serve the goal of increasing scientific knowledge. He identifies four such norms - 113what cudos stands forcommunism - Scientific knowledge is not private property. A scientist must share it with the scientific community or knowledge won't grow.
Universalism - the truth or falsity of scientific knowledge is judged by universal, objective criteria and not by the particular race, sex etc of the scientist who produced it
Disinterestedness - this means being committed to discovering knowledge or its own sake. Having to publish their findings make it harder for scientists to practise fraud since it enables others to check their claims
Organised Scepticism - no knowledge claim is regarded as sacred. Every idea is open to questioning, criticism and objective investigation. - 114closed belief systemswhile scientific knowledge is provisional, open to challenge and potentially disprovable, religion claims to have special, perfect knowledge of the absolute truth. Its knowledge is literally sacred and religious organisations claim to hold it on god's divine authority. this mean it cannot be challenged.
- 115hortondistinguishes between open and closed belief systems. Like Popper, he sees science as an open belief system- one where knowledge claims are open to criticism and can be disproved by testing. by contrast, religion, magic and many other belief system are clesed. whenever beleifs are threatened, a closed beleif system as a number of devices to prevent it from being disapproved - by the beleivers.
- 116azandechicken and the benge
a way to solve problems
reinforce social solidarity
social control mechanism - 117self- sustaining beliefspolany argue that all beliefs systems have three devices to sustain themselves in the face of apparently contradictory evidence.
circularity - each idea in the system is explained in terms of another idea within the system and so on, round and round.
subsidiary explanation e.g. If the oracle fails it may be explained away as due to the incorrect amount of benge
denial of legitimacy to rivals - belief sstem reject alternative worldview by refusing to grant any legitimacy to their own assumptions. - 118Science is a closed belief system - velikoskyhis idea was rejected without being read. A boycott in Velikovsky publisher was organised. Scientists who called for a fair hearing and for the theory to be put to the test were victimised and some even lost their jobs. this is closed because it's not open to ideas
- 119kuhnthe paradigm tells scientists what reality is like, what problems to study and what methods and equipment to use, what will count as evidence, and even what answers they should find when they conduct research. Kuhn links this is puzzle solving - lays down he broad outlines and the scientist job is to carefully fill in the details. those who do succeed are rewarded with bigger research grants, professorship, nobel prizes and so on.
- 120interpretivist sociologistsdevelop kuhn ideas further. they argue that all knowledge including scientific knowledge is socially constructed - it created y social groups use resources available to him - scientist take to be true and real are the product of shared, theories or paradigm that tell them what they shoul expect to see
- 121woolglarscience is engaged in the same process of making sense or interpreting the world as everyone else. When confronted by evidence from their observation and experiments, they have decided what it means, but they persuade and experiments, they have decided what it means, but they persuade others to accept. A scientific fact is a social construction.
- 122marxists and feminist postmodernistssee science as serving the interests of dominant groups
another metanarrative. - 123lyotardscience falsely claims to find the truth about how the world works as a means or progress to a better society, whereas in relaity, science is just one more discourse or way of thinking that its used to dominate people. marxist and some postmodernist agrue hat science has become technoscience, simply serving capitalist interests by producing commodities for profit
- 124ideologyset of idea and values that are distorted, false about the world. Ideas that conceal the interests of a particular group. ideas that prevent change by misleading people about the reality of the situation they are in. A self - sustaining belief system that is irrational and closed to criticism.
- 125Marxism and ideologycapitalist class take advantage of the capitalist society, exploiting the workers' interests to overthrow capitalism by means a society in the men of production are collective, not privately, aimed and used to benefit society as a whole.
for a revolution to occur- w/c must first become conscious of their true position. However the ruling class contril the means of ideas, through instutions such as education.
ruling class ideology - equality will never work because it goes against human nature, victim blaming ideas about poverty, racist ideas about the inferiority of ethnic minorites. - 126hegemony and revolutionGramsci refers to the ruling class 'ideological domination of society as hegemony. He argues that the w/c can develop ideas that challenge ruling class hegemony. Dual consciousness - a mixture of ruling class ideology and ideas they develop from their own direct expensive of exploitation and their struggles against it. Gramsci requires a politicial party organic - intellectuals - workers who through their anti capital struggles have develope a class consciousness.
However, critics argue that its not the existence of a dominant ideology that keeps the worker in line and prevent attemps to overthrow capitalism - 127the ideology of nationalismNationalism is a form of false class consciousness that helps to prevent the overthrow of capitalism by dividing the international w/c. this is because nationalism encourages workers to beleive they have more in common with capitalists of their own country than with workers of other countries. This has enabled the ruling clss of each capitalist country to persude the w/c to fight wars on their behalf.
- 128functionalism: nationalism as civil religionintegrates individuals into larger social and political and by making feel part of something greater than themselves
nationalism functions as a civil religion that unities everyone such as religion or class
education plays an important part in creating social solidarity and this may include collective rituals involves nationalist symbol such as the flag and national anthem, nation history - 129gellner - nationalism and modernitysees it as a false consciousness - is a modern phenomenon
motivates the population to endure the hardship and suffering that accompany the first phase of industrialisation therby enabling a state to modernise. - 130mannheim - ideology and utopiaideological thought justifies keeping things as they are. this reflects the position and interests of privileged groups such as the capitalism class, these groups benefit system tend to be conservative and favour hierarchy
utopian thought justifies the social change. it reflects the position and interests of the underprivileged and offers a w/c are disadvantaged by status quo
see worldview as creqtions of groups of intellectuals who attach themselves to particular classes
source of conflict - 131—
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- A level Sociology Fichas sobre beliefs, creado por Natasha Hewer el 20/12/2017.
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