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Module 2 Lecture 4 Visual system

Mia Li PT569 Fundamentals of Neuroscience Inglés 45 fichas

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  1. 1Which muscles control the lens of the eye?Ciliary muscle.
  2. 2What connects the ciliary muscle with the lens?zonule fibers
  3. 3Normal sight =emmetropia
  4. 4Nearsighted =myopia
  5. 5Farsighted =hyperopia
  6. 6To focus on closer objects, the ciliary muscles have tocontract
  7. 7T/F: Photoreceptors and bipolar cells are neurons.F. They both do NOT produce AP.
  8. 8Photoreceptors are (depolarized/ hyperpolarized) by light.Hyperpolarization
  9. 9T/F: Photoreceptors follow a all-or-none hyperpolarization.F.
    It is graded based on intensity of light.
  10. 10When it is dark, ____ and ____ ions can flow into the rods due to presenting ______.Sodium and calcium
    cGMP
  11. 11In the light, cGMP is reduced _______ and ______ flow is blocked, pushing the rod into a ________ state.sodium and calcium.
    Hyperpolarized state.
  12. 12The discs in the rods contain light sensitive proteins _______, which start a cascade that (closes/opens) the sodium/calcium channel.Rhodopsin
    closes
  13. 13What happens at the molecular level on opsin?light --> changes in configuration of opsin --> allowing closing of calcium and sodium channels.
  14. 14Rods and cones are very different photoreceptors. The rods integrate (high/low) accuracy light stimuli, and are good for __________ conditions.Rods:
    low light and low accuracy.
  15. 15Which is more specific? cones or rods?Cone
  16. 16Which is better for color detection?Cones
  17. 17T/F: there are no rods at the fovea.T.
  18. 18To differentiate color, cones also have very special gitfs Thri coor od detction are:red
    green
    blue
  19. 19cell bodies of optic nerve are theganglion cells
  20. 20The (central/off-center ) ganglia cells are more active when the picture is brighter in the middle.central
  21. 21Ganglion cells that prefer 'center brighter than edge' are called _______ while those in favor of 'the periphery brighter than center' are called _____.on-center ganglion cells
    Off-center ganglion cells
  22. 22The mGluR6 are ______ receptorsglutamate
  23. 23On- and off center is determined in _______connection to bipolar cells and ganglion cells
  24. 24center cone cell is connected to _______ and _______ bipolar cells, which in turn are connected to ______ and ______ ganglion cells.on-center and off-center bipolar cells
    on-center and off-center ganglion cells
  25. 25match the glutamate receptors with type of bipolar cells 1) mGluR6 2) AMPA kainatemGluR6: inhibitory (depolarization), on-center
    AMPA kainate: excitatory (hyperpolarization), off-center
  26. 26Types of glutamate receptors on ganglion cells.AMPA
    kainate,
    NMDA
    (all excitatory)
  27. 27Describe the downstream effect of light shining on central cone.1. cone is HYPERpolarized
    2. more glutamate
    3. on-center bipolar cells are depolarized --> increased firing rate of on-center ganglion cell
    4. off-center bipolar cells are hyperpolarized --> decreased firing rate of off-center ganglion cell
  28. 28Order of visual cortex mapping from the most distal to most central.monocular portion -- binocular portion -- macula
  29. 29The _____ has the largest cortical representation.fovea
  30. 30T/F: V1 represents edges moving in different directions.T.
  31. 31V1 has a spacial map of the movement of edges in different orientations in a _______ structure.pinwheel
  32. 32The dorsal stream is the wh___ detector of vision. It goes from V1 to ____ to _____.where.
    V1 - V2 - MT
  33. 33The ventral stream is the wh___ detector of vision. It goes from V1 to ____ to _____.what.
    V1 - V2 - V4
  34. 34Three types of involuntary eye motion aredrifts, tremor, microsaccades
  35. 35T/F: neuron firing rate at a constant object is constant.F. It will adapt and become less active.
  36. 36Three eye movements maintaining the direction of gaze are1. saccades,
    2. smooth pursuit
    3. vergence
  37. 37Two eye movements maintaining the stabilization of gaze are1. vestibulo-ocular reflex
    2. optokinetic reflex
  38. 38Saccades are (voluntary/ involuntary) while microsaccades are (voluntary/ involuntary).Saccades: voluntary.
    Microsaccades: involuntary.
  39. 39T/F: smooth pursuit is usually initiated with a catch-up saccadeT.
  40. 40Disconjugate is required for ________vergence
  41. 41Neurons that fire when an image is in a certain location in the visual field are near neurons that ________. This is represented in the ________.move the fovea to the location.
    Represented in the superior colliculus.
  42. 42Neurons in the substantia nigra inhibit eye movement via the ___________.Superior colliculus.
  43. 43T/F: Neurons in the parietal cortex represent the location of saccade targets but are not focused on the target.T. (easily distracted.
  44. 44Frontal eye field is more focused on the _______ of the saccade.motor action
  45. 45Which additional part of the brain controls smooth pursuit?striate cortex -- middle temporal and medial superior temporal -- frontal eye fields
    dorsolateral pontine nuclei -- vestibular nuclei -- flocculus and vermis of the
    cerebellum

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PT569 Fundamentals of Neuroscience Fichas sobre Module 2 Lecture 4 Visual system, creado por Mia Li el 27/02/2018.
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Mia Li
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mia liphysical therapypt569neuroscience
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