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research chapter 3
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- 1In the 1980’s three ethical principles in human subject research became installed everywhere and without any exception in all European and American codes:1. No physical harm should occur.
2. No psychological harm should occur
3. Confidentiality of data is ensured. - 2The Belmont ReportThis report emphasizes that: 1)autonomy of the individual, 2)less autonomous individuals are protected, 3)benefits are maximized, 4)harm is prevented as much as possible, 5)a fair procedure of the distribution of risks and benefits. The IRB will force research studies that entail more than “minimal risk” to install specific safeguards, which are there to assist the participants in the process of explaining the purpose, procedure, potential discomforts and risks of the study.
The IRB received criticism for apparently hindering many studies in a way that the benefits were not fully weighed in. - 3The institutional review board (IRB)represents another station for a researcher to pass, which is an independent group that evaluates the researcher’s work on moral and ethical grounds.
- 4deception (täuschung) in researchBefore the 1930’s deception was used seldom in social psychology, but experienced an increase until 1950 and drastically increased in the time after. Nowadays, the use of deception is declining again.
- 5Minimal risk researchdescribes studies that do not yield greater risks than subject are exposed to in normal life. Even minimal research studies are subject to the IRB, but the review can be accelerated. Nevertheless, minimal risk research could potentially cause harm for an individual as well
- 6The APA code is based on five principles that are emphasized:a) respect for persons and their autonomy b) beneficence and non-maleficence c) justice d) trust e) fidelity and scientific integrity.
- 7Principle I: Respect for Persons and Their AutonomyThe informed consent is the most important feature of this principle. The informed consent provides information regarding the purpose, nature, risks and benefits of the study and most importantly the participant indicates there that he or she is participating voluntarily. The informed consent necessarily has to be provided by the principal investigator and agreed to by the participant. For children a legal parental consent is necessary or the consent of an advocate. Criticism towards the informed consent is that the information provided could lead to invalidity of the research or generally impede the research.
- 8Principle II: Beneficence and NonmaleficenceResearch is supposed to yield benefits for the participant, which is also known as beneficence, and not do any harm, which is known as non-maleficence. In psychological research the two crucial points that pose the most risk are the invasion of privacy and deception being used, whether that is active or passive deception. In case that deception is used, a debriefing is required and the research must be of value in science. Also, any risks that are not mentioned cannot be more than minimal risks.
- 9Principle III: JusticeThe third principle of justice holds that scientific research should be fair, meaning that there should be an equal distribution between benefits and burdens. The Tuskegee study showed how this was not the case, as the participants did not receive medication when it was discovered. Also, instead of assigning a control condition to no treatment or a placebo, they should be assigned to an effective alternative and the experimental group would be assigned to the new form of therapy. The placebo control condition is solely to be used when there is no effective alternative
- 10wait-list control groupone way to overcome this dilemma of injustice, by taking people as the control condition that are waiting for a treatment anyways, such as people on a wait-list for psychotherapy. When they are off the waiting list they will receive the therapy. This alternative can be applied in randomized experiments.
- 11consequentialist viewsThere are several orientations regarding what is perceived as justice. If the consequences of an action decide over the fairness of it, this refers to the consequentialist views. If you take a boy‘s puppy away without asking, but the boy will be happy about this because the puppy was too much work, then the consequentialists would say this is a right action.
- 12deontological viewclassifies certain actions as wrong, even if they would yield no or even positive consequences.
- 13The pluralistic orientationThe pluralistic orientation unites cosequentlists view and deontological view
- 14Moral costsare another aspect contributing to the principle of justice. This can happen if a participant of a study feels embarrassed, vulnerable or exploited by being put in the public eye due to identification in the published results.
- 15Principle IV: TrustThis principle rests on the agreement of confidentiality, which means that the subject’s data are safe and no one can have access to them besides the researcher. A certificate of confidentiality is available for researchers which they receive from the funding agency. An issue for researchers that work in the field of child abuse and neglect is the necessary reporting of child abuse in regard to the principle of trust between the researcher and the subject. Special training programs are necessary to yield correct recognition of abuse, so that overreporting or underreporting will not occur.
- 16Principle V: Fidelity and Scientific IntegrityThis principle highlights how the ethical quality and scientific quality relate to one another. There are several issues regarding this principle, such as the issue of hyperclaiming, which promises great achievement of a research, to the agencies granting the research, to research colleagues but also to participants. The participants are most vulnerable to hyperclaiming as they are the least familiar with the research topic. Causism represents another problem in research, which occurs when an implication of a causal relationship is made even though this has not been figured out through data analysis (yet).
- 17Costs, Utilities, And Institutional Review BoardsThe Institutional Review Boards (IRB) decides whether to approve a study based on weighing the costs and the utility of it. Utility and costs can be pictured as a decision-plane, in which utility and costs represent separate dimensions. Studies which score high on utility and low on cost should be carried out, and studies which score both the same on utility and costs find themselves on the diagonal of indecision B-C, a decision making that is not easy. The A-C axis values mean low cost but also low utility and are often used as a criterion. This model of costs and utility does not take into account what the costs of not doing research are.
- 18Scientific And Societal ResponsibilitiesResearch on animals in psychology asks the question of how often the results of animal research are actually used. The moral contract that researchers abide to is referred to as the “three Rs principle” by Russell and Burch (1959), which describes some aspects of ethical research with animals. According to Russel and Burch, it would be senseful to use less animals in research (reduce), ameliorate experiments so there is less suffering (refine) and to use other procedures that do not include animals if possible (replace).
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- Psychologie Fichas sobre research chapter 3, creado por Adrian Mayer el 30/04/2018.
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