Fichas
Marine Pollution Exam 2 - CH 4
Fichas del conjunto (35)
- 1Osmoregulationability of an organism to control the concentrations of solutes and ions in the body fluids
- 2most sensitive species to osmoregulationThose that migrate between salt and freshwater environments + those in estuaries
- 3Excretionelimination of metabolic wastes; related to osmoregulation, but compounded by other factors (e.g. eating, etc.)
- 4Osmoconformerinternal ion concentration equal to environment
- 5Osmoregulatorinternal ions differ from environment; regulation required
- 6HyperosmoticSide of a membrane with more ions (e.g. hyperosmotic cell has more ions than solution it is in)
- 7Hypoosmoticside of membrane with fewer ions (e.g. hypoosmotic cell has fewer ions than solution it is in)
- 8Isosmotic pointpoint at which ion concentrations are equal on both sides of a membrane
- 9Sodium-Potassium ATP-ase and Carbonic Anhydraseenzymes that facilitate osmoregulation; Na+ K+ ATPase maintains gradients for salt movements in intestines and gills; CAH involved in hydration of CO2 to H+ and HCO3-
- 10Osmoregulatory capacitydifference between osmotic pressure of hemolymph and of external medium at a given salinity
- 11O:N ratioamount of oxygen consumed vs. Nitrogen excreted; high = lipid dominated metabolism; low = protein dominated metabolism
- 12Major effects of pollution on osmoregulationchange in structure of gills/excretory organs (inhibiting osmoregulation and excretion); inhibition of ATP-ase and CAH; alteration of ion channels and pumps
- 13Effects of Metals on Crustacean osmoreg/excretionmetal uptake reduced at isosmotic point, so changes in concentration = more metal uptake; metal = more toxic in lower salinity because it is more bioavailable; reduce or inhibit ATPase/CA, inhibiting osmoregulation + acid/base reg. alters amount of ammonia excreted (incr. or decr.) depending on organism and compound
- 14Effects of Metals on Mollusk osmoreg/excretiondecr. osmoregulatory effeciency; reduces ion conc. in hemolymph;
general decrease in ammonia production/o2 consumption (occasional increase) - 15Effects of Metals on Fish osmoreg/excretioncan accumulate in gills + cause structural change -> change in osmoreg.;
change of ATPase (impairment or increase) - 16Effects of Metals on Other Taxa osmoreg/excretionedema/curled posture (polychaetes);
incr. of ions in coelomic fluid; decrease in O2 consumption - 17Effects of Organics on Crustacean Osmoreg/excretionInhibition of ATPase + osmoregulatory ability;
decreased ammonia excretion;
loss of ability to maintain hyperosmolarity; alterations in ion balance - 18Effects of Organics on Mollusk Osmoreg/excretionGeneral reduction of ammonia excretion (reduced food intake);
sometimes, increase in excretion to facilitate toxic compound elimination - 19Effects of Organics on Fish Osmoreg/ExcretionInhibition of ATP-ase;
Damage/structural change to gills;
Altered osmoregulation ability, leading to altered balance of ions;
Alteration in hormone function - 20Effects of Hypoxia on Crustacean Osmoreg/excretionHypoxia + low salinity -> disrupted osmoregulation, decreasing ion levels in hemolymph;
decreases in metabolic rate = decreases in ammonia excretion - 21Effects of Hypoxia on Fish osmoreg/excretionAlteration of ventilation
Altered ion concentration due to respiratory changes
Reduced food intake/growth = lower excretion and oxygen consumption - 22Effects of Polluted Sites on Crustacean Osmoreg/excretionAdaptation to pollutants observed
- 23Effects of polluted site on Mollusk Osmoreg/excretionIf any, reduced O:N (high resistance)
- 24Effects of polluted sites on fish Osmoreg/excretionDamage to gills, leading to alteration in osmoregulation and gas exchange
- 25Effects of Climate change/Acidification on Crustacean Osmoreg/excretionDisruption of ion and acid/base regulation
Elevated concentration of CO2 in hemolymph - 26Effect of Climate change/acidification of mollusk osmoreg/excretionincreased absorption efficiency and ammonium excretion (tolerance)
- 27Effect on Climate change/acidification on Fish osmoreg/excretionlow pH may not have adverse effects on ammonia-excreting organisms, because low pH correlates with higher ammonia excretion; high levels of ionoregulatory stress; increased ammonia excretion
- 28Effects of Climate change/acidification on Other Taxa Osmoreg/ExcretionDecreased O:N ratio, increased ammonia excretion, high levels of acid in body (Acidosis)
- 29Effects of Contaminants of emerging concern on fish Osmoreg/excretionDecreased, reduced, inhibited ATPase (hormones);
Impaired osmoregulation due to decrease in ionocytes, death (UVB radiation);
Increased urea excretion (antidepressants) - 30Overall effects on Osmoreg/ExcretionOsmoregulation typically depressed by a wide range of contaminants; Excretion can be either depressed or enhanced, depending on many factors (organism, contaminant, time, salinity, food intake, etc.); Increased ammonia excretion = increased protein catabolism (response to many contaminants), decreased excretion = decreased food intake
- 31Overall effects on crustaceansdeleterious effects on: ion balance, acid/base regulation, gill function/structure, ion pump/channel function, ATP-ase activity, osmolality of hemolymph, osmoregulatory capacity, Overall osmoregulatory ability (maintenance of hypo- or hyper-osmoregulation, ability to maintain ions in cells), ammonia excretion, metabolic rate
- 32Overall effects on MollusksDeleterious effects on:
osmoregulatory efficiency;
ion concentration in hemolymph;
ammonia excretion;
oxygen consumption;
Feeding;
O:N ratio - 33Overall effects on FishDeleterious effects on: gill tissue/structure, ATPase activity, ion concentrations/balance, Osmolality, survival in saltwater, pH balance, CAH activity, ammonia excretion, hormone function, O:N ratio (due to Ventilation, Respiration, Feeding, and growth alterations), Ionoregulatory stress (leading to death), Ionocytes, urea excretion, survival
- 34Overall effects on Other TaxaPolychaetes:
edema/curled posture
O2 consumption
ion balance
Echinoderms:
Ion/pH balance (Acidosis) - 35Examples of Resistance/hormesisCrustaceans: Mangrove crabs in polluted environments adapt -> incr ability for osmoregulation + higher ATP-ase activity
Mollusks: incr excr to flush toxic compounds; Periwinkles resistant to sites polluted w/ oil + copper; Mediterranean mussels incr. absorption efficiency and ammonium excretion under lowered pH
Fish: Tilapia in arsenic -> incr in ATPase activity, plasma osmolality, and cell development; Ammonia excretion may counteract effects of acidification
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- Descripción
- Environmental Studies Fichas sobre Marine Pollution Exam 2 - CH 4, creado por Abby Bickle el 31/10/2018.
- Creado por
- Abby Bickle
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