Fichas
Ecology
Fichas del conjunto (74)
- 1Cellsmallest living unit
- 2Organisma single living thing
- 3Populationa group of the SAME species living in the ONE location at the SAME time
- 4Communitythe sum of all the DIFFERENT species living in the SAME location at the SAME time
- 5Ecosystemthe sum of all the ABIOTIC and BIOTIC factors AND their interactions
- 6Biosphereall ecosystems combined
- 7Abiotic Factorsnon-living; physical environment
eg, temperature, rainfall, salinity, humidity - 8Biotic Factorsliving factors
eg. competitors, predators, diseases (parasites and pathogens) - 9Diversity-the variety of life found on Earth and all of the natural processes;
-can be measured by DENSITY or ABUNDANCE - 10Ecological Groups-producers/autotrophs
-consumers/heterotrophs - 11Producers/ Autotrophs-automatically convert food into energy.
-manufacture ORGANIC compounds from simple INORGANIC compounds through abiotic energy sources such as sunlight (photosynthesis)
-use the organic compounds themselves for energy and for all other ecosystem members. - 12Photosynthesis EQUATION*in the presence of sunlight & chlorophyll*
carbon dioxide + water = glucose + oxygen - 13Cellular Respiration (Aerobic) EQUATION*in the presence of oxygen*
glucose + oxygen = carbon dioxide + water + ATP - 14Consumers/ HeterotrophsObtain energy form eating other organisms or parts of them (plants)
- 15Trophic LevelEach feeding level of a food wed
- 16Primary ConsumersHERBIVORES
-Eat plants or other producers - 17Secondary ConsumersPREDATORS
-Eat plant-eaters - 18Tertiary ConsumersEat predators/ secondary consumers
- 19Consumers can be divided into:-herbivores
-carnivores
-detritivores
-scavengers
-decomposers
-parasites - 20Herbivoreseat organic matter of producers or their products only
eg. honeyeaters - 21Carnivoreseat other consumers {and are predators IF they catch LIVE prey}
eg. damselfly - 22Top Order CarnivoreLast link in food chain
- 23Detritivoreseat all detritus (decomposing plant an danimal matter as well as waste products)
eg. earthworms - 24Scavengerseat dead animals {specialised detritivores that only eat carrion and animal wastes}
eg. vulture - 25Decomposersbreak down dead material by secreting enzymes over the organic matter and absorbing the breakdown as food
eg. bacteria - 26Parasiteslive and feed on other organisms, causing them harm
eg. tapeworm - 27Food chains-shows chemical energy flow or transfer within an ecosystem, beginning with producers.
*arrow points to the organism eating/ taking up energy*
grass -> grasshopper -> snake -> hawk -> fungi - 28Food Webshows chemical energy flow or transfer in an ecosystem; compromises of interrelated food chains.
- 29Ecological PyramidsShow the different trophic levels of any ecosystem in a pyramid shape
- 30Number PyramidDisplays the number of individual organisms at each trophic level
- 31Biomass PyramidMeasure the "weight" of biological material at each trophic level {dry weight is used since water content varies greatly}
- 32Energy PyramidShow energy content of organisms at each trophic level {compared to biomass pyramid as dry biomass tends to have about the same energy content}
- 33Energy Transfer EQUATION[trophic level energy
÷
total energy ]
x 100 - 34Amount of energy passed on through each trophic levelApproximately 10 %
- 35IntraspeciesMembers of the same species
- 36InterspeciesMembers of the different species
- 373 Types of Interactions-Competition
-Predation
-Symbiosis - 38CompetitionOrganisms competing for resources; occurs due to a limited number of resources
- 39Resourceany necessity of life, such as water, nutrients, light, food, female attraction
- 40Competitive Exclusion Principleno two species can occupy the same niche in the same habitat at the same time
- 41Nichepart of environment where a species can survive, reproduce and persist
- 42Predationwhen an organism captures and feeds on another organism
- 43Symbiosisany relationship where two species live closely together
- 443 types of symbiosis-mutualism
-commensalism
-parasitism - 45Mutualismboth species benefit from a relationship
eg. cleaner birds + crocodile - 46Commensalismone member BENEFITS and the other is NEITHER HELPED or HARMED
eg. clown fish + anemones - 47Parasitismone organism BENEFITS and one is HARMED
eg. ticks - 48Bioaccumulationthe progressive accumulation of non-biodegradable/ persistent chemicals in living organisms, becoming more concentrated in HIGHER trophic levels
- 49Species Richness-related to PHYSICAL SIZE of area and LATTITUDE
HIGHER in size = HIGHER in richness - 50Abundance & Densitythe number of individuals of a given species per unit area
- 51Abundance can be expressed qualitatively by:{ACFOR}
-A: abundant
-C: common
-F: frequent
-O: occasional
-R: rare - 52Population Distribution-Uniform
-Random
-Clumped - 53Quadrat Sampling Assumptions-The number of individuals in each quadrat is counted.
-The size of the quadrats is known.
-The quadrat samples are representative of the study area as a whole. - 54Quadrat Sampling-Used to calculate density, distribution and total size
-Used for organisms that are fixed in one place ie. immoblie or sessile - 55Mark & Recapture Method-Used to study populations where individuals move around a lot ie. mobile
-involves catching, marking and releasing the animal, recapturing it and counting no. of marked and unmarked. - 56Mark & Recapture methods are:tagging; painting; branding; dyeing; attaching ribbons
- 57Mark & Recapture Method Assumptions-the population is closed ie. a population that doesn't change GEOGRAPHICALLY or DEMOGRAPHICALLY (eg. no births, deaths, immigration or emigration)
-marked individuals must not become easier or harder to catch
-marked and unmarked individuals have sufficient time to mix randomly between time of making and re sampling
-animals do not lose their marks - 58Population Dynamicsdeals with changes in population size over time
- 59Exponetial Growth-unlimited growth of population
eg. r-selected species such as bacteria which replicate through binary fission, introduced species such as rabbits who lack predators since they are introduced
-pattern of growth can occur for several generations at least as long as RESOURCES ARE ABUNDANT - 60Logistic Growth-also known as DENSITY-DEPENDENT GROWTH; population growth in the presence of limiting factors
-growth is rapid when population size is below carrying capacity (K) but fluctuates (slows and stops) as size approaches carrying capacity - 61Carrying Capacity (K)the level at which an environment can support an organism
- 62Natural Selectionprocess in which only the individuals or groups best adapted to their environment survive; survival of the fittest
- 63Gene Poolsum of all the genetic information found within a particular species
- 64Genetic Variabilitydifference in genetic information between the same organisms (meiosis)
- 65Sustainability of human population: current exponential growth can't continue because:-resources are finite
-resources are being consumed faster than they are formed
-toxic waste is produced faster than it can be broken down - 66Adaptationanything that helps an organism survive in its environment; helps the organism fulfil the needs of getting food & water, protection and reproduction
- 67Structural Adaptationinvolves exterior, PHYSICAL feature of an animal's body
- 68Structural Adaptation: Example 1PROTECTIVE COLOURATION/ CAMOUFLAGE
-allow an animal to blend into its environment
eg. polar bear - 69Structural Adaptation: Example 2MIMICRY
-allows one animal to look, sound or act like another animal to fool predators into thinking it is poisonous or dangerous
eg. lyre bird - 70Behavioural Adaptationincludes ACTIVITIES that help an animal survive
can be instinctive (nature) or learned (nurture)
-social behaviour
-behaviour for protection - 71Behavioural Adaptation: Example 1MIGRATION
involves an animal or group of animals moving from one region to another and then back again due to reasons such as:
-better food
-better climate
-safe place to live
-safe place to raise young
-go back to the place they were born - 72Behavioural Adaptation: Example 2HIBERNATION
deep sleep where animal's body temperature drops and body activities are slowed to conserve energy
eg. bear - 73Physiological Adaptationrelated to the INTERNAL functioning of an organism adapting to an extreme environment
- 74Behavioural Adaptation: Examples-specialised organs
-chemical senses (organs that pick up hormones)
-reproductive physiologies
-breeding times
eg. fat storage in tail of kangaroos
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- SACE Biology Fichas sobre Ecology, creado por R P el 16/11/2014.
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- R P
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