Fichas
AP Euro Chapter 2
Fichas del conjunto (47)
- 1Anti-clericalismA measure of disrespect toward clergy that was growing in the 16th century.
- 2PietismThe idea of a direct relationship between the individual and God reducing the importance of the church.
- 3Western SchismSplit within the Catholic Church where 3 men declares to the true pope while excommunicating each other.
- 4SimonySelling Church positions to the highest bidder.
- 5HeresyBeliefs contrary to religious doctrine.
- 6IndulgencesCommon practice of the Church to raise money since the Crusades. Releases buyer from penance and even purgatory.
- 7PenancePunishment for sin.
- 8PurgatoryA form of temporary hell.
- 9PredestinationA concept that God has predestinated everyone's fate.
- 10HuguenotsSynonymous to French Calvinists.
- 11Pope Clement VHe move the seat of the Catholic Church from Rome to Avignon in France.
- 12John WycliffeEnglishman who questioned the worldly wealth, the miracle of transubstantiation, the teachings of penance, and the sale of indulgences of the Church. His followers: Lollards; urged them to read the Bible and helped by translating it into English.
- 13Jan HussA Bohemian university leader who questioned the infallibility of the Church and immorality of the clergies. Led revolt against Church in Bohemia. Found guilty and burned at stake by Council of Constance.
- 14Martin LutherCatholic monk that disliked the sale of indulgences. Nailed his 95 Theses to a Church door in 1517. Wrote the Address to the Christian Nobility, On the Babylonian Captivity of the Church, and Liberty of a Christian Man. Was excommunicated by Pope Leo X. Hid in his buddy's German castle and translated Bible to German when he was banned from the Empire. His ideas formed the Lutheran Church.
- 15Albert of HohenzollernIn 1517, Albert of Hohenzollern was offered the position as Archbishop of Mainz, at the
price of 10,000 ducats, which he borrowed
from a bank. - 16Johann TetzelJohann Tetzel, a Dominican friar, was set to
preach the indulgence across Germany. Famous for: “As soon as the gold in the
basin rings, right then the soul to heaven springs.” - 17Pope Leo XPope who excommunicated Luther who publicly burned his papal bull.
- 18Frederick the ElectorOne of Luther's powerful patrons. He wanted Luther to have public hearing.
- 19Emperor Charles VSuccessor of Emperor Maximilian I. He struggled with ruling the vast empire, battles with France and Ottoman Empire, religious revolts in his empire, lost the Schmalkaldic War against Protestant princes. He was forced to sign the Peace of Augsburg.
- 20Ulrich ZwingliTeachings impacted the Swiss city of Zurich. Accused monks of immorality, rejected the veneration of saints, announced that unbaptized children were not damned to hell, questioned the power of excommunication, and claimed that tithing was not a divine institution. He died in battle leading soldiers of Zurich against a Swiss Catholic Army.
- 21John CalvinSettled in Geneva, Switzerland and developed his own faith. His main ideas are found in his Institutes of the Christian Religion, and he turned Geneva into a new Jerusalem.
- 22King Henry VIIIStarted out to be a supporter of the Catholic Church. Was changed because the Church didn't allow annulments. Played a huge role in the English reformation. Married 6 wives.
- 23Catherine of AragonFirst wife of Henry VIII. She was Spanish and was the aunt of Emperor Charles V. Mother of "Bloody Mary".
- 24Anne Boleyn2nd wife of Henry VIII. Became pregnant and Henry secretly married her when he was still bound to Catherine.
- 25Edward VISon of Jane Seymour (Wife #3) and Henry VIII. Unlike his father, he tried to institute genuine Protestant theology in the church Henry created. His reign only lasted 6 years.
- 26"Bloody Mary"Ruled briefly (1553-58) after Edward VI died. Married Phillip II of Spain and attempted to bring England back to the Catholic Church. Many in England refused and she burned hundreds of them, earning her the title of "Bloody Mary".
- 27Queen Elizabeth IAnne Boleyn's daughter. Ruled after Mary's death. Her reign was long and successful, including a religious settlement leaving the Church of England to follow a protestant course.
- 28Ignatius of LoyolaFounder of the Society of Jesus. Wrote about his total obedience to the Church in his Spiritual Exercises.
- 29Ways Europe was changing in the 16th century.Renaissance humanism led people to question religious practices, like power of relics or the value of life as a monk/nun. Printing press caused Churches to no longer had exclusive control over the scripture of the bibles. Rulers began questioning why they should listen to a distant religious authority in Rome.
- 30Church issues before the Reformation.Black death, anticlericalism, pietism, Avignon Papacy, Western Schism, poorly educated lower priest, practice of simony, and some clergies had multiple positions. There were people speaking out against the Church like: John Wycliffe and Jan Huss.
- 31The 95 ThesesA list Luther nailed to a church door in 1517 that had 95 reasons why he hated the Church, they were mostly aimed towards indulgences. The list was printed all over Germany but was ignored by the Pope.
- 32The Diet of the WormsA meeting of the German nobility that Luther appeared before and was banned when he refused to recant what he said.
- 33Luther's revolutionary ideas.Ideas that were the foundation of his church, Lutheran. He reduced the Catholic’s seven sacraments to
two: communion and baptism. He rejected transubstantiation. He ended monasticism and did away with the idea of celibacy for clergy. - 34Areas Protestantism spread to.Protestantism had spread through much of
northern Germany, Scandinavia, England,
Scotland, the Netherlands, France, and
Switzerland. - 35German Peasants' Revolt of 1525When peasants revolted because of worsening economic conditions and because they believed Luther had called for social equality.
- 36Schmalkaldic WarA war between Charles V and some Protestant prince over territory concerning religion in 1540s.
- 37Peace of AugsburgCharles V was forced to sign this in 1555. It granted legal recognition of Lutheranism in
territories ruled by a Lutheran prince. Catholic princes were ensured their territory could remain Catholic. - 38The AnabapistsDenys the idea of infant baptism and believes in adult baptism. Their practice of re-baptism = capital offense in the Holy Roman Empire. They took over city of Munster in 1534 and made an Old Testament theocracy.
- 39The AntitrinitariansAnother group hated by the Catholics and Lutherans. They deny the validity of the Holy Trinity. Were hunted down by the two big groups.
- 40Henry VIII's problemsCouldn't get an annulment from the Pope for his first wife, because it's illegal in the Church.
- 41Act in Restraint of AppealsWas enacted in 1533. Declares that all spiritual cases in England were within the King's jurisdiction and not pope's.
- 42Act of SupremacySignaled the end of the English Reformation in 1534. It declared the King of England as the Supreme Head of the Church of England.
- 43The Index of Prohibited BooksAn index that the Church released that banned many "heretical" works.
- 44The InquisitionA medieval institution revived by the Church. It was a tribunal that fought heresy
in Catholic lands, using torture to force
confessions out of individuals. - 45The Council of TrentCenterpiece of the Catholic Reformation. It addressed the issues that had spark the Reformation like: placing limits on simony, educate lower priests, etc. It refused any point of theology to the protestants and strongly endorsed all traditional practices.
- 46Baroque style of artCreated due to the council being critical of the religious failings of the mannerist style of art, and urged a more intensely religious art to be created.
- 47The Society of JesusGreatest success of the Catholic Reformation. Created by Ignatius of Loyola. Jesuits were a teaching order and worked as Catholic missionaries in places where Lutheranism had spread. Helped reconvert large parts of Poland back.
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