Fichas
Migration 1
Fichas del conjunto (48)
- 1What is globalisation?The process by which the world is becoming increasingly interconnected as a result of massively increased trade and cultural exchange
- 2What is migration?The movement of people from one place to another. The reasons can be economic, social, political or environmental. There are usually push factors and pull factors at work. It impacts on both the place left behind, and on the place where new arrivals settle
- 3What is the core-periphery system?The uneven spatial distribution of national population and wealth between two or more regions of a country, resulting from flows of migrants, trade and investment
- 4What is backwash?Flows of people, investment and resources directed from peripheral to core regions. This process is responsible for the polarisation of regional prosperity between regions of the same country
- 5What is polarisation?The segregation within a society that may emerge from income inequality, real-estate fluctuations, economic displacements etc. and result in such differentiation that would consist of various social groups, from high income to low income.
- 6What is the Schengen Agreement?An international agreement that aims to make it easier for people to move freely within the EU. Passports do not usually have to be shown by citizens at the borders of the 26 EU and non-EU countries that have agreed to this
- 7What has led to a rise in migration, both within countries and between countries?globalisation
- 8What is the difference between internal and international migration?Internal is within countries and international is between countries
- 9In 2014, how many people were estimated to live in a country they were not born in?more than 230 million
- 10What enables truly global labour flows to operate? Give an example of these flows of labourModern transport networks. Every year many young Australians and South Africans travel to the UK to work
- 11What has the vast rise in trade between some countries, such as the UK and India, coincided with?A decline in migration between them
- 12Much international migration is relatively regionalised. Give an exampleThe largest flows connect neighbouring countries like the USA and Mexico and Poland and Germany
- 13Changes in the pattern of demand for labour at the national scale are often linked with what?Globalisation
- 14What is meant by the core-periphery system?They develop and strengthen over time on account of positive feedback effects
- 15What might uneven economic growth be linked to originally?A natural advantage that one 'core' region enjoys over others (such as raw material availability or the presence of a coastline)
- 16Over time, any initial economic imbalance becomes exaggerated due to what?The perceptual outflow of migrants, resources and investment from peripheral regions towards the core. Collectively, these are known as the backwash effects
- 17What are backwash effects?The perceptual outflow of migrants, resources and investment from peripheral regions towards the core.
The process of core-periphery polarisation is sometimes repeated at larger spatial scales (EU-Schengen) - 18How do global-systems encourage rural-urban migration?The introduction of mechanised agriculture and land grabs by states and agribusinesses. Complementing this are the employment pull factors found in urban areas in developing and emerging economies, often linked with global supply chain growth in export processing zones (EPZs).
- 19Has mass migration been good news or bad news for China's economy overall?Good news
- 20In 1978, on the eve of economic reforms, 20% of China's population lived in cities. What is the % today?55%
- 21Why did the relocation of 400 million rural people given many Chinese cities a 'site factor' certain to attract FDI?They had a large modestly priced labour force
- 22Give examples of areas of net gain and net loss in ChinaGain = Tibet, Gunagdong, Heilongjiang
Loss = Henan - 23Which area in Spain has been all but abandoned due to the acceleration of core-periphery growth?Ceitiberian Highlands (east of Madrid)
- 24Give evidence of its near abandonment?8 people per square kilometre - one of Europe's least populated areas.
- 25Provinces such as Terual and Soria have 6000 villages with fewer than 100 people. What is the average age of the remaining people?57
- 26Why do young people continue to seek out new opportunities in Madrid and Barcelona?Employment due to high rural unemployment. Important hubs in global economy = jobs and opportunities
- 27Why is rural recovery unlikely in Spain?Spain's low birth rate
- 28Which areas make up the EU core region and which cities are in the EU core?Southern England, Northern France, Belgium and much of Western Germany
London, Paris, Brussels and Berlin - 29Labour migration flows from which parts of Europe are directed towards the core areas?From eastern and southern Europe are overwhelmingly directed towards these places
- 30When was the Schengen agreement implemented and why does the Schengen agreement enable easier movement of people and goods?1995
Most national border controls within EU = removed. Passports do not usually have to be shown at borders - 31Give examples of EU countries and non EU who are part of the Schengen agreementPortugal. Poland, France, Denmark, Spain, Germany and Sweden
Switzerland, Iceland and Norway - 32Give examples of EU countries who chose not to sign the Schengen agreementUK and Ireland
- 33Give a benefit and cost of the Schengen agreementBenefit = EU labour can move to where there is most demand
Cost = once someone is in one EU country, they can move to others - 34Why has there been a growth of opposition for the Schengen agreement in recent years?Fears of terrorism and uncontrolled refugee movements has led some people to question the wisdom of free movement
- 35What % of the world's population lives outside their country of birth?3-4%
- 36Why has this % not changed greatly over time despite the fact that the number of people migrating internationally has risen?As the overall population has increased too
Between 1950 and 2015, population grew from 2.5 to 7.3 billion - 37Important changes have taken place in the pattern of international migration in recent years. In the 1990's where was much of international migration directed towards? Since then, which places have also begun to function as major global hubs for migration?Mainly towards developed world destinations such as New York and Paris
World cities in developing world countries, such as Mumbai (India) and Lagos (Nigeria), have also begun to function as major global hubs for immigration - 38Why do the number or proportion of individual nations that is comprised of migrants vary enormously?Differences in the level of political engagement with the global economy is one major reason for this.
- 39What may the government need to adopt in order for a state to become deeply integrated into global systems?Liberal immigration rules
Inward investment from TNCs may depend in part on the ease with which a company can transfer senior staff into a particular nation - 40What do many of London's leading law firms depend on in order to maintain their global networks?Foreign states granting UK lawyers permission to relocate permanently to their overseas office.
e.g. Singapore to Moscow - 41Outline Singapore's attitude to migrationLiberal
Until recently, it was rated as an emerging economy. Now a developed nation, this city-state is unusual in many respects. Among its 5 million people there is great ethnic diversity due to its past as a British colonial port and subsequent transformation into the world's fourth largest financial centre. Many global businesses and institutions have located their Asia-Pacific head offices here, including Credit Suisse and International Baccalaureate. Many foreign workers and their families have relocated there and, as a result, it has many international schools - 42Outline Japan's attitude to migrationStrict migration
The population of country is falling. Its median age is 46.5 and its working age population is predicted to fall to 44 million by 2037 - half the size it was in 2007. Less than two per cent of the pop is foreign or foreign born. The UN suggests that they need 17 million migrants by 2050 to maintain its pop at 2007 levels.
Despite the growing status of this country as a major global hub from 1960s onwards, migration rules have made it tough for newcomers to settle permanently. Nationally law make the acquisition of citizenship by resident foreigners an elusive goal (the long term pass or go home test has a success rate of less than 1%). The country also faces the challenge of an ageing population (27% are over 65). There will be three workers per two retirees by 2060. Many people think the gov will need to loosen its grip on immigration, but there is little evidence of change in the political market. - 43Outline Australia's attitude to migrationInbetween liberal and strict migration rules
For 4 decades, the immigration policy has been skilled based; the country operates a point based system for economic migrants called the Migrant Programme. 70% of immigrants are accepted based on skills shortages where there are insufficient national workers (e.g. in medicine or engineering).
Rather than being an economic problem, immigrants each contribute on average 10% more per capita to the countries GDP each year than non-immigrants. Immigrants are also beneficial demographically. The median age of the country is 37, but migrants tend to be younger, 88% are under 40 (compared to 20% of national residents). The country otherwise has an ageing population, and migrant offset the numbers due to retire, which would otherwise place increasing pressure on the costs of medical and social care. The top five source countries were India, China, UK, Philippines and Pakistan. Until 1973, the gov selected migrants largely on a racial and ethical basis. This was sometime called 'White Australia' policy. - 44How has the global pattern of international migration between 2005 and 2010 changed?- large volumes of intra-regional migration (most international migration originating in Sub-Saharan Africa is directed towards other sub-Saharan nations)
- Significant inter-regional flows linking North America with other South Asia and Central America - 45Define economic/voluntary migrants, refugees and asylum seekersEconomic/voluntary migrants - move for work
Refugees - forced to leave their country to apply for the right to persecution
Asylum seekers - fleeing to another country to apply for the right to international protection. - 46How will environmental change cause patterns of migration to change?Influence of factor = climate change is already causing refugees to leave regions where agriculture is threatened. Syria's refugee crisis has been attributed to desertification by the US Pentagon's security analysts.
Evaluation of importance = climate change acts to intensify rural poverty in some countries. Movers who might previously have been classed as economic migrants become refugees due to an increasingly hostile environment. - 47How will economic events cause patterns of migration to change?Influence of factor = the global financial crisis (GFC) of 2007-8 has an unprecedented effect on migration. For the first time since 1945, world GDP shrank. Net migration from Poland fell to its lowest since 1950s
Evaluation of importance = the realisation that globalisation has a 'reverse gear' means future projections for global migration and urbanisation should be treated with caution. Economic systems can become unstable - 48How will political events cause patterns of migration to change?New conflicts can unexpectedly trigger or diversify global migration flows. On many occasions since WWII, political regime changes have prompted ethnic groups to flee states
Evaluation of importance = in parts of N Africa, C Africa, and the Middle East, political factors are now a more important influence on migration than globalisation: 12 million people have been displaced by Syria's war.
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- GCSE Geography Fichas sobre Migration 1, creado por Paige S el 09/02/2020.
- Creado por
- Paige S · feb 2020
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- 9 feb 2020
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