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Bridging the development gap - Flashcards
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- 1Botswana - TNC impactBetween 1970-2000, Botswana was one of the fastest-growing economies in the world. In 1966, agriculture 40% of total GDP. In 2006, only 2% of GDP.
Diamonds accounted for 40% of Botswana's total exports between 2001-2005.
GDP per capita changed in 1975 from $800 to $16,500 in 2007.
However, estimated 30% unemployment and conflict in areas where mining, cattle-rearing and tourism co-exist. Much of new employment are in urban areas are in these sectors. - 2Trade patterns in coffeeCoffee is 2nd only to oil as a source of foreign exchange for some developing countries, in some as high as 80%.
Countries: Cameroon, Ivory Coast, Nicaragua, Ethiopia, Central African Republic, Vietnam, Columbia.
Supply Chain:
10% to producers, exporters and transporters
90% to importers, roasters and retailers/cafe
TNC - Nestle
Leading to economic and social effects - 3Dhaka, Bangladesh: megacity under stressIn 2015, Dhaka's population estimated to be 21 million and population density of 20,000km², (London is 5,400km²).
Huge increase due to rural-urban migration due to extreme rural poverty, lack of opportunities, flooding, wage differences and perception that education, health services and social amenities are to be found in the capital.
Strong growth in manufacturing, finance, telecommunications and services. Dhaka, home to 80% of garment industry's 2 million employees (mainly women). Women excluded from transport, trade and services.
23% unemployment
28% classed poor and 12% extremely poor
Only 5% live in permanent housing
4.2 million live in slums, quarter of which have government school
Only 27% connected to public sewer system
Gangs control slums (demand protection money), sell illegal connections to water and other services
Poor management of water resources in Dhaka cost US$670 million annually
Solutions
Two export processing zones - encourage export of garments
Bashundhara City: developing high-tech area
Rickshaw and cooking now run on natural gas - 4Apartheid in South AfricaSouth Africa has an abundance of natural resources, including gold, diamonds and platinum, and fertile farmlands.
Between 1948 and 1990 government created the policy of Apartheid. Three groups made; white, black and coloured.
The apartheid segregated the three groups in all areas of life, including where they lived, ensuring white domination.
Since 1990, Nelson Mandela became the first black Prime Minister, but the whites are still control economy/wealth.
In 1978;
19 million blacks and 4.5 million whites
Blacks land allocation 13% and whites 87%
Blacks share of national income below 20% and whites 75%
44,000 people per doctor for blacks and 400 for whites
Infant mortality 20 in urban and 40 in rural for blacks and 2.7 for whites
60 students per teacher for blacks and 22 for whites - 5East Timor16th century-1975, Portuguese colony.
After Portuguese, Indonesia invaded.
Initially thought Indonesia invaded to stop communist regime of China and move people from populated islands.
However later discovered they'd found oil and natural gas fields under the sea between East Timor and Indonesia.
In 1999, long guerrilla war. Then independence.
CURRENTLY
Exploitation of oil and gas now begun with help of Australia.
East Timor's economic future looks much brighter and will clearly affect development gap between Indonesia and East Timor. - 6Ecuador: Emigration and ImmigrationEcuador is South America's 5th largest oil producer and important cocoa producer.
According to USAID, 60% of population live in poverty, and business people rate it the twentieth most corrupt country out of 133.
EMIGRATION
Following oil prices collapses and economic downturns, two major waves of emigration in 1980s and 1990s made 10-15% move overseas to Spain, USA, Italy, Venezuela and Chile. At least 75% remittances.
SOCIAL DISCRIMINATION
Children discriminated called 'rezis'.
High rates of suicide
Jealousy
IMMIGRATION
Peruvians and Columbians, mostly due to country's switch to US dollar in 2000.
60,000-120,000 Peruvians, most without legal permission.
Columbians seen as criminals/rebels.
Peruvians seen as pests who steal jobs, but no evidence to support this. - 7Pollution in ChinaThe speed and scale of China's growth as an economic power is matched by its pollution problem.
ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION;
Coal-fired power stations
Heavy industry that requires a lot of energy from burning fossil fuels
Expanding car ownership (only 1% of 560 million urban dwellers breathe in air considered safe by EU standards)
Indoor air pollution (coal/wood stoves, shoddy construction materials)
Dumping waste into rivers and lakes
IMPACT
300,000 die annually from air pollution
110,000 deaths annually from indoor air pollution
Politicians reluctant to change, as it might curb China's economic development. - 8China in AfricaA key example of South-South cooperation is China's presence in Africa.
China has increased its aid to African governments, cancelled $10 billion debt and offered further debt relief to 31 African countries, and zero-tariff trade.
CHINA SUSTAINING ECONOMIC BOOM
China must find more raw materials and new markets for manufactured goods.
In 2003, China was the second biggest consumer of petroleum products after the USA, and its oil consumption is forecast to grow by at least 10% every year.
Africa has 90% of world's cobalt and platinum, 50% gold, 98% chromium, 64% manganese and 33% of uranium. Its also rich in diamonds, more oil reserves than North America and 40% of world's potential hydroelectric power.
China now buys a third of its oil from Africa, mostly Angola, (invested £800 million for new oilfield) and £8 billion in Sudan, for 1,500km pipeline.
HOWEVER
DISADVANTAGES/ADVANTAGES FOR BOTH PARTIES - 9Millennium Development GoalsMDG founded by the UN, in 2000.
MDGs provide a vital framework for monitoring the DG and measuring progress towards reducing the DG.
Most of the MDG set in 1990s (series of conferences and summit meetings).
Most important goal: elimination of extreme poverty and hunger by 2015.
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- A-level Geography Fichas sobre Bridging the development gap - Flashcards, creado por 08kclair el 13/06/2015.
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