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Chapter 2: The Nervous System
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- 1NeuronBasic building block of the nervous system
- 2Who proposed the Neuron Doctrine?Santiago Ramon y Cajal and Charles Sherrington
- 3The Neuron DoctrineStates that cells of the brain are independent in structure, metabolism, and function. Information is transmitted from cell to cell via tiny gaps (synapses).
- 4DendritesReceptive surfaces of the neuron
- 5Cell body (soma)The region of a neuron that contains the nucleus
- 6AxonA single extension from a neuron that transmits action potentials from the cell body to other neurons
- 7Amount of neurons in the human brain80-90 billion
- 8Basic function of a neuronProcess, integrate, and communicate information
- 94 zones of a neuron1) Input
2) Integration
3) Conduction
4) Output - 10Functions of the 4 zones of a neuron1) Input: receive information
2) Integration: process information
3) Conduction: transmit information through the neuron
4) Output: send info to another cell - 11Features of the 4 zones of a neuron1) Input: Cell body (soma) and dendrites
2) Integration: axon hillock
3) Conduction: axon, axon collaterals
4) Output: axon terminals - 12Axon terminalThe end of an axon or axon collateral,which forms a synapse on a neuron or another target cell
- 13Axon collateralA branch of an axon from a single neuron
- 14Types of neurons (structure)Multipolar: multiple dendrites, single axon
Bipolar: single dendrite, single axon
Unipolar: dendrites connected by axon - 15Types of neurons (function)Motor: send motor commands from brain to mucles, long axons
Sensory: send signals from senses to brain
Interneurons: connected only to other neurons, brain to brain - 16Most common type of neuronMultipolar, interneurons
- 17Synapsetiny gap between neurons where information is passed from one to the other, inter-neuronal communication
- 18Parts of a synapsePresynaptic membrane
Synaptic cleft
Postsynaptic membrane
- 19Presynaptic membranesends information, releases neurotransmitter
- 20Synaptic cleftthe space between the presynaptic and postsynaptic membranes
- 21Postsynaptic membraneReceives information, responds to neurotransmitter
- 22Is communication between neurons chemical or electrical?Chemical
- 23How do neurons connect?Arborized dendritic spines via synaptic interfaces
- 24Neurotransmitterthe chemical released from the presynaptic axon terminal that serves as the basis of communication between neurons
- 25Where are neurotransmitters stored?Synaptic vesicles in the presynaptic terminal
- 26How are neurotransmitters released?electrical activity in the presynaptic axon leads to a fusing of the synaptic vesicles with the presynaptic membrane
- 27Receptora specialized protein molecule in the postsynaptic membrane that reacts to the neurotransmitter
- 28What happens to the neurotransmitter after it binds with the postsynaptic membrane?It dissociates
- 29Neural plasticitythe formation of new neural circuits and adaption of existing circuits in response to experience or the environment
- 30Axonal transportThe transportation of materials from the neuronal cell body to distant regions in the dendrites and axons, and from the axon terminals back to the cell body
- 31What are the two ways information travels via axonal transport?1) electrically outside the axon
2) inside the axon via transport vesicles - 32Glial cellsNonneuronal brain cells that provide structural, nutritional, and other types of support to the brain
- 334 types of glial cells1) Astrocyte (17%)
2) Microglia (~7%)
3) Oligodendrocytes (~75)
4) Schwann cells - 34AstrocytesStar-shaped cell that weaves among neurons. Regulates blood flow when inactive, involved in formation of new synapses and pruning of old synapses, maintain extracellular ion balance
- 35MicrogliaVery small cells that contain brain injury by removing debris from damaged or dead cells by metastasized it into energy
- 36Oligodendrocytes and Schwann cellsProvide myelination. Oligodendrocytes: CNS. Schwann cells: PNS
- 37Myelinfatty, insulating substance that surrounds axons and is interrupted by Nodes of Ranvier
- 38Nodes of Ranviera gap between successive segments of the myelin sheath where the axon membrane is exposed
- 39EdemaSwelling of glial cells (mostly astrocytes) after brain injury that damages neurons
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- Undergrad (Exam 1) Intro to Behavioral Neuroscience Fichas sobre Chapter 2: The Nervous System, creado por Taylee O'Brien el 02/02/2022.
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- Taylee O'Brien
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