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Month 2 Part 1 IDS

Mikaela Gleason European History 10th grade Inglés 52 fichas

Fichas del conjunto (52)

  1. 1Hundred Years War (1337-1453)Series of campaigns over control of the throne of France, involving English and French royal families and French noble families. Widespread violence against civilians. Northern France devastated; at conclusion of war, England finally expelled from France, now only controlled the city of Calais in France; use of the longbow and cannon (also inaccurate guns) contributed to the end of the feudal ideal and knights. Birth of private armies. Conflict results in French King consolidating power over vassals and a new national sense of being "French" emerges.
  2. 2War of the Roses (1455-1485)Almost immediately following the Hundred Years war. A war between the York family and Lancaster family of England for the crown. This struggle was ended when Henry Tudor, who was on the Lancaster side, won. He became Henry VII, the first Tudor king.
  3. 3Joan of Arc (1412-1431)Grew up in peasant family; very religious. Claimed that God told her that she was to free France and ensure coronation of dauphin Charles VII; gets army from him. At age 17 she rescued city of Orleans from siege in 1429 (turning point of war) and restored french spirit and confidence. Captured by Burgundians (ENG allies); tried as witch and burned at stake. Slowly France reclaimed land and war finally ended in 1453
  4. 4Francesco Petrarch (1304-1374)A Renaissance humanist referred to by many historians as the father of the Renaissance. He attacked Scholasticism as stifling the human spirit and urged that the classics be studied not for their religious implications but because they were the works of unique human beings. He insisted that God had given humans their vast potential so that it could be utilized. His views about human potential helped stimulate the many artistic and literary achievements that characterized the Renaissance. Coined the term the "Dark Ages"
  5. 5The Medici FamilyItalian bourgeois, ruled the government in Florentine, Italy from 1434 to 1737. They were huge patrons of the arts, as well as the wealthiest family in Florentine. Creator of the Signoria. The family often married into the royal families of Europe. The family produced 4 Popes. Made their fortunes in banking
  6. 6William Shakespeare (1564-1616)English poet and playwright considered one of the greatest writers of the English language; works include Julius Caesar, Macbeth, Romeo and Juliet, and Hamlet. Throughout the 20th and 21st centuries, his works have been continually adapted and rediscovered by new movements in scholarship and performance. His plays remain popular and are studied, performed, and reinterpreted through various cultural and political contexts around the world.
  7. 7Miguel de CervantesSpanish writer best remembered for 'Don Quixote' which satirizes chivalry and influenced the development of the novel form.
  8. 8Niccolo MachiavelliBorn in 1469 and died in 1527. He came from a wealthy and important family in Florentine. He was a humanist and a student of ancient Rome. He was impressed by the way Roman rulers and their citizens defend their country, and wished that Italy would do the same. The Prince, written in 1513, was concerned with princes, new princes, and their rise to power and how to maintain it. The Prince gave him a reputation as a cynic and an atheist. His influential political philosophies could be summed up "By any means necessary" and "the end justifies the means". Quoted as saying about leaders "It is better to be feared than loved"
  9. 9Dante Alighierian Italian poet famous for writing the Divine Comedy that describes a journey through hell and purgatory and paradise guided by Virgil and his idealized Beatrice (1265-1321). Bridges medieval and renaissance literature.
  10. 10Johan GutenbergHe was the inventor of the method of printing. His printing press was revolutionary in the ability to spread and consume information.
  11. 11Baldassare CastiglioneHe was the son of an Italian noble family. He was a humanist and author. The Book of the Courtier, written in 1528, illustrates the "rediscovered knowledge of the past was both a model and a challenge to the present". the court at Urbino used it as a practical guide. Popularizes the idea that the "Renaissance Man" should excel in military skill, classical education, and the arts.
  12. 12RenaissanceRevival of learning or "rebirth" that occurred in Europe between 1300 and 1600
  13. 13Ivan IIIRuled as great prince and first ruler of the independent state called Russia. Made Moscow the new capital of Russia, and he overthrew the Mongols that were dominating Russia.
  14. 14Marco PoloVenetian merchant and traveler. His accounts of his travels to China offered Europeans a firsthand view of Asian lands and stimulated interest in Asian trade.
  15. 15MichelangeloHe was an Italian sculptor, painter, architect, and a poet from the High Renaissance. He was the epitome of the High Renaissance. He painted the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel. He created the statue of David, located in the Accademia di Belle Arti di Firenze- a humanist masterpiece.
  16. 16RaphaelHe was an Italian painter and architect during the High Renaissance.
    "The School of Athens", located at the Vatican, illustrated Plato and Aristotle surrounded by many of the great ancient philosophers and scientists. He also included a sulking Michelangelo, his rival, in this fresco.
  17. 17Linear perspectiveA monocular cue for perceiving depth; the more parallel lines converge, the greater their perceived distance. Essential Renaissance characteristic.
  18. 18BrunelleschiHe was and Italian architect and engineer. His Dome and construction of the Florence Cathedral defied naysayers and revolutionized architecture. Claimed to have created linear perspective.
  19. 19Leonardo da VinciHe was an Italian artists, engineer and scientist. He was of the best artists of his time, as well as a military engineer for Francis I. He was a master of the High Renaissance and the ideal Renaissance man. He worked as a modern scientists and foresaw modern machines. Mona Lisa is his most famous paintings.
  20. 20Jan Van EyckHe was a Flemish oil painter and one of the most influential figures of the Northern Renaissance. His works were very life like and depicted religious figures. Adoration of the Lamb, located at the cathedral at Ghent, is his major work.
  21. 21Pieter Bruegel the ElderFlemish Renaissance painter known for landscapes and depictions of peasant life. The Cripples showed the brutality of modern warfare.
  22. 22Rembrandt van RijnConsidered one of the greatest Dutch Baroque artists, his financial success was offset by tragic deaths of two wives and all four of his sons. He was a Mennonite. He is a prominent example of Protestant Baroque artists.
  23. 23El GrecoSpanish painter (born in Greece) remembered for his religious works characterized by elongated human forms and dramatic use of color (1541-1614). Baroque style, which reaffirmed Catholicism.
  24. 24Peter Paul Rubens (1577-1640)He was a Flemish painter. He is one of the greatest Baroque artists. He did many portraits and landscapes, which illustrated religious and mythological scenes. The Miracles of St. Ignatius depicted the importance of catholic sacraments (which were attacked by protestants) and the success of Loyola, who quickly was canonized.
  25. 25Baroque ArtAn artistic style of the seventeenth century characterized by passion, drama, and awe and was designed to involve the audience. This style looked to promote Catholic Doctrine.
  26. 26Gustavus AdolphusHe was the King of Sweden, with his father being Charles IX. He was known as the Protestant Hero in the Thirty Years' War (in which he was shot and killed) and was considered to have made decisions for purely non-religious reasons. Straddled political and religious elements of the war fighting against repression of protestants, but allying himself with Catholic France who wanted to counterbalance the power of the Holy Roman Empire.
  27. 27James I (1566-1625, r. 1603-1625)He was the first Stuart King of England. Strong supporter of Royal Absolutism. He needed the English Parliament's permission to levy taxes, which he heavily disliked. In response he created impositions, which were levied custom duties. Succeeded Elizabeth I
  28. 28Charles I (1600-1649, r. 1625-1649)He was the son of James I. House of Stuart. The last absolute English monarch, this king ran into trouble almost immediately. His minister, the Duke of Buckingham, asked Parliament for money to fight costly foreign wars, and when Parliament balked, this king had to sign the Petition of Right. From 1630 to 1641 he tried to rule solo, but financial troubles forced him to call the Short and Long Parliaments. His attempt to reform the Scottish Church was the last straw, as Parliament entered into the English Civil War. They defeated this king, convicting him of treason and executing him. England became a Commonwealth with Oliver Cromwell as Lord Protector
  29. 29Oliver Cromwell (1599-1658)Military leader of the parliamentary army. He was said to have been "a country squire of iron discipline and strong, independent religious sentiment". He and his "godly men" would support a majority church, but only if it allowed the Protestant dissenters to worship outside of it. After Charles was executed in 1649, by his order, he turned into a military dictator. He became just as despised as Charles. With his dictatorship, political liberty disappeared and people began to want the Anglican Church and monarchy back.
  30. 30Charles II (1630-1685; r. 1660-1685)He was skilled in politics and very charming. He was brought back to England to repair the damages created by Oliver Cromwell. Although supporting the Anglican Church and prayer book, he had Catholic sympathies.
  31. 31James IIBorn in 1685 and died in 1688. He was the Catholic brother of Charles II. During his reign he repealed the Test Act, dissolved parliament, issued the Declaration of Indulgences, etc. James was set on using his power to aid the Roman Catholics and turn England's government into an absolute monarchy. He was thrown out of England by the William and Mary, the English Parliament and its people.
  32. 32William and Maryhis Dutch protestant couple assumed the English Throne in 1688 with the help of Protestant English aristocrats (Glorious Revolution). Rallied a European coalition to fight against Louis XIV. During their reign in England, they established the English bill of rights.
  33. 33Cardinal Richelieu (1585-1642)He was a chief minister to King Louis XII. Richelieu laid the groundwork for the absolute rule of Louis XIV under Louis XIII. He attempted to impose direct royal administration on France and circumscribe many political privileges that Henry IV had extended to French Protestant in the Edict of Nantes. His central policies started many of the largest rebellions from the French nobles.
  34. 34Martin Luther (1483-1546)One of the most influential church reformers of the 16th century and a priest in Wittenberg, Germany. On October 31st, 1517 he posted the 95 theses on the doors of the Wittenberg Castle Church (as legend has it) in protest to Pope Leo X's announcement of a new round of indulgences to help build the St. Peter's Basilica. Thought people should interpret the bible for themselves. He was excommunicated from the Roman Catholic Church and was told to recant his statements in front of the Diet of Worms, but after refusing, the Edict of Worms was released which banned his writings and declared him a convict.
  35. 35Diet of Worms (1521)Luther's Heresy trial before Charles V in the Holy Roman Empire in which Luther was expected to recant . He did not, and the Diet issued the Edict of Worms: banishment from the H.R.E.
  36. 36TransubstantiationCatholic belief that the bread and wine actually become the body and blood of Christ. Rejected by Protestants.
  37. 37The Peasants' War of 1524-1525This was the revolt that occurred in Germany where the peasants rebelled alongside the new Protestant thought. They were viciously quashed and the public appeal to the Reformation went substantially down. Martin Luther did not support the revolt and thought peasants should obey secular leaders. 100,000 peasants were killed.
  38. 38Zwingli (1484-1531)A Swiss religious and social reformer who led the Swiss reformation, rejected papal authority and orthodoxy.
  39. 39Charles V (1519-1556)Hapsburg. He was the Holy Roman Emperor and Spanish Emperor. He devoted most of his life to political and military campaigns, but in 1530 he decided to return to the Holy Roman Empire to try to resolve the Protestant and Catholic disputes with the Diet of Augsburg. Grandson of Ferdinand and Isabella.
  40. 40Sir Thomas More (1478-1535)He was a humanist and an early church reformer in England. Unlike other reformers, he did not want to leave the Catholic Church. He explored Christian Humanism. Wrote Utopia
  41. 41Desiderius Erasmus (1466-1536)Dutch philosopher. He was the most famous christian humanist. He used the printing press to gain his fame as an educational and religious reformer. Praise of Folly was an influential work that used satire to critique the catholic church, of which he was a devoted member for his whole life. Proposed reform of Catholicism from within.
  42. 42Louis XI (1461-1483)Ruled as king of France, known as a spider because of his wily and devious ways (Machiavellian); retained the taille as a permanent tax and secured a sound source of income; left France in a position of power.
  43. 43Henry VIII (1491-1547, r. 1509-1547)He started the English Reformation, as he wanted a divorce from his wife, Catherine of Aragon, because she was unable to produce a male heir to the throne and he wanted to marry Anne Boleyn, a lady of the court. The Pope denied his request. His desire for a divorce motivated the English Reformation. England created their own church (Anglican) and separated from the Roman Catholic Church. This King subsequently was married 6 times.
  44. 44Catherine of Aragon1st wife of Henry VIII. Mother of Mary I. Henry's desire for a divorce from her precipitated England's break with Rome. Devoted much of her efforts to helping the poor. Commissioned "Education of the Christian Woman" by Juan Luis Vives which claimed women have a right to education. Friends with Thomas More and Erasmus.
  45. 45Mary I (r. 1553-1558)Staunch Catholic. She was the first Queen of England and the daughter of Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon. She was considered Bloody ______ for her persecution of Protestants. Set about to undo the Protestant Reforms made by her father.
  46. 46Elizabeth I (1558-1603)Under her reign, England was a powerhouse in politics, commerce, and the arts. Used her virginity as a political tool to manipulate potential suitors who wanted to marry her. She was a politique and was ready to put political success in front of the religious differences in her kingdom, valued loyalty over religion. Protestant, she reversed many of Mary I reforms. Daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn.
  47. 47John Calvin (1509-1564)He born into a rich family in France. Fled France and persecution to Switzerland because of his religious beliefs. He was the founder of Calvinism, a form of Christianity.
  48. 48Ferdinand and Isabella (r. 1474-1516)During the late 15th century, they became King and Queen of a united Spain after centuries of Islamic domination. Together, they made sought to make Spain a Catholic nation (Spanish Inquisition) and also provided funding to overseas exploration, notably Christopher Columbus.
  49. 49Spanish InquisitionA program ordered by the Spanish monarchy to investigate and eliminate heresy in the kingdom. An organization of priests in Spain looked for and punished anyone suspected of secretly practicing their old religion (Islam/Judaism) instead of Roman Catholicism.
  50. 50Catherine de Medici (1519-1589)As the mother of Charles IX, she acted as his regent. During her reign, she always tried to keep a balance between Protestants and Catholics even though she wanted a Catholic France (POLITIQUE) (Her Daughter married Huguenot leader, Henry Navarre) She was always focused on preserving the monarchy.
  51. 51Henry of Navarre (1553-1610) (Henry IV)He was a French Protestant leader who was "legal heir to the French throne by virtue of his descent in a direct male line from St. Louis IX. He converted to Catholicism "Paris is worth a mass" when he became king and passed the Edict of Nantes, which granted religious freedom to the Huguenots in a primarily Catholic country.
  52. 52Philip II (1556-1598)Spanish King. He was the son of Charles V and was the heir to the supreme Catholic and military Hapsburg kingdom. Two main enemies to Catholicism: The Turks and the Protestants. Was married to Mary I (Bloody Mary). Attacked Elizabeth I with the Spanish Armada after Mary's death. His Armada was wiped out.

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10th grade European History Fichas sobre Month 2 Part 1 IDS, creado por Mikaela Gleason el 20/10/2022.
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