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Chapter 10
Fichas del conjunto (120)
- 1Muscle Functions Include?Muscle functions include: movement, stability, control of openings, heat production, and glycemic control
- 2MovementMove from place to place; move body parts; move body contents in breathing, circulation, and digestion
In communication: speech, writing, facial expressions and other nonverbal communications - 3StabilityMaintain posture by preventing unwanted movements
Antigravity muscles: prevent us from falling over
Stabilize joints by maintaining tension - 4Control of openings and passagewaysSphincters: internal muscular rings that control the movement of food, blood, and other materials within body
- 5Heat production by skeletal musclesAs much as 85% of our body heat
- 6Glycemic controlMuscles absorb and store glucose which helps regulate blood sugar concentration within normal range
- 7Three kinds of muscle tissueSkeletal, cardiac, smooth
- 8Specialized for one major purposeConverting the chemical energy in ATP into the mechanical energy of motion
- 9Endomysiumendo=within)
Thin sleeve of loose connective tissue around each fiber - 10Perimysiumperi=around)
Thicker layer of connective tissue that wraps fascicles
Carries nerves, blood vessels, and stretch receptors - 11Fasciclesparallel bundles of muscle fibers wrapped together
- 12EpimysiumFibrous sheath surrounding entire muscle
Outer surface grades into fascia; inner surface projections form perimysium - 13FasciaSheet of connective tissue that separates neighboring muscles or muscle groups from each other and the subcutaneous tissue.
Muscles grouped into compartments separated from each other in fascia - 14Tendonsconnect muscle to bone
Collagen fibers of the endo-, peri-, and epimysium continue into the tendon and from there into periosteum and matrix of bone - 15Aponeurosistendon is a broad, flat sheet (palm)
- 16Retinaculumconnective tissue band that tendons pass underneath (wrist)
- 17Direct (fleshy) attachment to boneLittle separation between muscle and bone (no obvious tendon)
Muscle seems to emerge directly from bone
Ex. Brachialis, Triceps brachii (lateral head) - 18OriginBony attachment at the stationary end of muscle
- 19BellyThicker, middle region of muscle between origin and insertion
- 20InsertionBony attachment to mobile end of muscle. An insertion generally moves toward an origin in contraction. Can be reversed with different actions.
- 21Actioneffect produced by a muscle to produce or prevent movement
- 22Four categories of muscle actionprime mover, synergist, antagonist, and fixator
- 23Prime mover (agonistMuscle that produces most of force during a particular joint action. Ex- for inhalation, the diaphragm is the prime mover
- 24Synergistmuscle that aids the prime mover
May contribute additional force, modify the direction of movement, or stabilize a nearby joint. Ex. For shoulder abduction, the deltoid and SITS muscles are synergists - 25Antagonistopposes the prime mover
Prevents excessive movement
Sometimes relaxes to give prime mover control over an action
Antagonistic pairs—muscles that act on opposite sides
of a joint - 26Fixatormuscle that prevents movement of bone
- 27Innervation of a musclerefers to the identity of the nerve that stimulates it
Knowing innervation enables diagnosis of nerve, spinal cord, and brainstem injuries from muscle tests - 28Spinal nervesarise from the spinal cord
Innervate muscles below the neck - 29Cranial nervesnerves arise from the base of the brain (skull)
Innervate the muscles of the head and neck
Numbered CN I to CN XII - 30How Muscles Are NamedAction: extensor digitorum extends the fingers
Origin: Infraspinatus muscle originates on the infraspinous fossa of scapula
Insertion: Flexor hallucis longus muscle inserts on the hallux (big toe)
Fiber direction: Transverse abdominus fibers run horizontially in the transverse direction - 31How Muscles Are NamedNumber of heads: the triceps brachii has 3 heads
Shape: Deltoid muscle is a triangle
Bone name: Frontalis is over frontal bone
Size: brevis= short, major= large
Position: Vastus lateralis – lateral thigh - 32Muscles of Facial ExpressionMuscles that attach to the dermis and subcutaneous tissues
Tense the skin and produce facial expressions
Innervated by facial nerve (CN VII)
Paralysis causes face to sag
Found in scalp, forehead, around the eyes, nose, and mouth, and in the neck - 33The following is a partial list, required for this classFrontalis: wrinkles forehead, raises eyebrows
Occipitalis: draws scalp posteriorly
Orbiularis Oculi: (oculi = round) closes eyelid for sleeping, blinking, aids flow of tears across eye - 34Nasalis:widens nostrils
- 35Orbicularis Orisencircles mouth, closes lips, kissing
- 36Zygomaticus (major and minor):elevates corner of mouth for smiling, laughing, sneering, exposes teeth
- 37Mentaliselevates and protrudes lip in drinking, pouting
- 38Buccinatorcompresses cheek, directs food between molars, puckers cheeks
- 39Platysmadraws lip and mouth downward in expression of horror or surprise, may aid in opening mouth.
- 40Extrinsic muscles of the tongueTongue is very agile organ
Pushes food between molars for chewing (mastication)
Forces food into the pharynx for swallowing (deglutition)
Crucial importance to speech - 41Four pairs of muscles produce biting and chewing movements of the mandibleDepression: to open mouth
Elevation: biting and grinding
Protraction: incisors can cut
Retraction: make rear teeth meet
Lateral and medial excursion: grind food - 42Temporalis:closes mandible
- 43Masseter:originates on the zygomatic arch and inserts on the angle of the mandible
- 44Digastricopens mouth widely (depresses mandible)
- 45Mylohyoidelevates floor of mouth at beginning of swallowing
- 46Stylohyoidelevates hyoid
- 47Sternohyoiddepresses hyoid after elevation
- 48ActionsFlexion (tipping head forward)
Extension (holding the head erect)
Lateral flexion (tipping head to one side)
Rotation (turning the head to the left and right) - 49Neck flexorsSternocleidomastoid
Whiplash injury due to hyperextension
Scalenes
Ipsolateral flexion - 50Neck extensorsTrapezius
Splenius capitis
Semispinalis capitis - 51Muscles of the Trunk Four functional groupsMuscles of breathing
Muscles that support abdominal wall
Movement of vertebral column
Muscles that support the pelvic floor - 52Breathingrequires the use of muscles enclosing thoracic cavity
Normal Quiet breathing - Diaphragm, external intercostal
Forced Inhalation -Sternocleidomastoid, scalenes of neck, Pectoralis major and serratus anterior of chest, Latissimus dorsi of back - 53Forced ExhalationAbdominal muscles: internal and external obliques, and transverse abdominis
- 54Diaphragmmuscular dome between thoracic and abdominal cavities
Muscle extends to a fibrous central tendon
Innervated by the phrenic nerve - 55BreathingContraction flattens diaphragm
Enlarges thoracic cavity (inspiration)
In relaxation of diaphragm it rises -Shrinks the thoracic cavity (expiration) - 56External intercostalsElevate ribs, sternum moves anteriorly
Expand thoracic cavity
Create partial vacuum causing inflow of air - 57Internal intercostalsDepresses and retracts ribs
Compresses thoracic cavity
Expelling air - 58Anterior Abdominal Wall 3 layersexternal abdominal oblique, internal abdominal oblique, transverse abdominal o
- 59External abdominal obliqueExternal layer of lateral abdominal muscles
Supports viscera, aids in breathing, contralateral rotation of waist - 60Internal abdominal obliqueIntermediate layer of lateral abdominal muscles
rotation of waist
Aponeurosis
Tendons of oblique and transverse muscles
Broad, fibrous sheets - 61Transverse abdominalDeepest of lateral abdominal muscles
Horizontal fibers
Compresses abdominal contents
Contributes to movements of vertebral column - 62Rectus abdominisFlexes lumbar region of vertebral column
Produces forward bending at the waist
Extends from sternum to pubis
Rectus sheath encloses muscle
Three transverse tendinous intersections divide rectus abdominis into segments, sometimes called a “six pack” - 63Muscles of BackBack muscles extend, rotate, and laterally flex vertebral column
Most prominent superficial back muscles: latissimus dorsi and trapezius - 64Erector spinae (deep)From cranium to sacrum
Aids in sitting and standing erect; straightens back after one bends at waist, and in employed in arching the back - 65Muscles of the Pelvic FloorLayers of muscles and fasciae that span pelvic outlet
Penetrated by anal canal, urethra, and vagina - 66Perineumdiamond-shaped region between the thighs
- 67PerineumBordered by four bony landmarks
Pubic symphysis anteriorly
Coccyx posteriorly
Two Ischial tuberosities laterally - 68Urogenital triangleanterior half of perineum
External urethral sphincter (incompetence of this muscle causes involuntary urination) - 69Anal triangleposterior half of perineum
External anal sphincter - 70Herniaany condition in which the viscera protrudes through a weak point in the muscular wall of the abdominopelvic cavity
- 71Inguinal herniaMost common type of hernia (rare in women)
Viscera enter inguinal canal or even the scrotum - 72Hiatal herniaStomach protrudes through diaphragm into thorax
Overweight people over 40 - 73Umbilical herniaViscera protrude through the navel
- 74Compartmentsspaces where muscles are separated by fibrous connective tissue sheets (fasciae)
Each compartment contains one or more functionally related muscles along with their nerve and blood supplies - 75Muscles of upper limbs divided intoanterior and posterior compartments
- 76Muscles of lower limbs divided intoanterior, posterior, and lateral compartments
- 77Intermuscular septa (thick fasciaseparates compartments
- 78Compartment syndromeone of the muscles or blood vessels in a compartment is injured
- 79Compartment Syndrome contIf a blood vessel in a compartment is damaged, blood and tissue fluid accumulate
Fasciae enclose muscle compartments snugly and prevent expansion
Compartment syndrome—mounting pressure triggers a sequence of degenerative events
Blood flow to compartment is obstructed
If ischemia (poor blood flow) persists for more than 2 to 4 hours, nerves begin to die
After 6 hours, muscles begin to die
Nerves can regenerate after pressure relieved, but muscle damage is permanent - 80what in urine indicates compartment syndromeMyoglobin
- 81Treatment of compartment syndromeimmobilization of limb and fasciotomy (incision to relieve compartment pressure)
- 82Muscles Acting on the ShoulderA group of muscles attach on the axial skeleton and also on clavicle or scapula
Scapula loosely attached to thoracic cage
Capable of great movement
Rotation, elevation, depression, protraction, retraction
Clavicle braces the shoulder and moderates movements - 83Serratus anteriorAll ribs to medial border of scapula
Draws scapula laterally and forward; prime mover for reaching and pushing - 84Trapezius (superficialStabilizes scapula and shoulder
Elevates and depresses shoulder apex - 85Levator scapulaeElevates scapula
Flexes neck laterally - 86Rhomboid major & minorminor-Retracts scapula and braces shoulder
- 87Muscles Acting on the ArmNine muscles cross the shoulder joint and attach to the humerus
Two are axial muscles attaching on axial skeleton - 88Pectoralis major:flexes, adducts, and medially rotates humerus. Aids in deep breathing
- 89Latissimus dorsi:adducts and medially rotates humerus
- 90DeltoidRotates and abducts arm
Intramuscular injection site - 91Teres majorExtension and medial rotation of humerus
- 92Muscles Acting on the ArmRotator cuff muscle
Tendons of the remaining four scapular muscles form the rotator cuff that reinforce the shoulder joint - 93Acronym “SITS muscles”Supraspinatus
Infraspinatus
Teres minor
Subscapularis - 94Tendons of SITS musclesTendons of these muscles merge with the joint capsule of the shoulder as they cross it in route to the humerus
Holds head of humerus into glenoid cavity
Supraspinatus tendon easily damaged (common in pitchers) - 95Muscles Acting on the ForearmElbow and forearm capable of flexion, extension, pronation, and supination
Muscles with bellies in the arm (brachium)
Principal elbow flexors: anterior compartment - 96Brachialis and biceps brachiiBrachialis produces 50% more power than biceps brachii
Brachialis is prime mover of elbow flexion - 97Principal elbow extensorposterior compartment
Triceps brachii
Prime mover of elbow extension - 98Muscles Acting on the ForearmBrachioradialis: flexes elbow
Anconeus: extends elbow
Pronator quadratus: prime mover in forearm pronation - 99Pronator teresassists pronator quadratus in pronation – located near the cubital region and sometimes penetrated with a needle during blood draw.
- 100Supinatorsupinates the forearm
- 101Flexor carpi radialisflexes wrist
- 102Flexor carpi ulnarisflexes wrist
- 103Palmaris longus-anchors skin and fascia of palmar region
- 104Extensor carpi radialislongus and brevis
- 105Extensor digitorumExtensor digiti minimi
- 106Flexor retinaculumbracelet-like fibrous sheet, passed under by flexor tendons crossing the wrist
- 107Carpal tunneltight space between the flexor retinaculum and the carpal bones
Flexor tendons passing through the tunnel are enclosed in tendon sheaths
Enable tendons to slide back and forth quite easily - 108Carpal tunnel syndromeprolonged, repetitive motions of wrist and fingers cause tissues in the carpal tunnel to become inflamed, swollen, or fibrotic
Puts pressure on median nerve of wrist that passes through the carpal tunnel along with flexor tendons
Tingling and muscular weakness in the palm and medial side of the hand
Pain may radiate to arm and shoulder
Treatment: anti-inflammatory drugs, - 109Muscles Acting on the Hip and Lower LimbBody’s largest muscles found in lower limb
Less for precision, more for strength needed to stand, maintain balance, walk, and run
Several cross and act on two or more joints
Leg—the part of the limb between the knee and ankle
Foot—includes tarsal region (ankle), metatarsal region, and the toes - 110Anterior muscles of the hipIliacus
Flexes thigh at hip
Iliacus portion arises from iliac crest and fossa
Psoas major
Flexes thigh at hip
Arises from lumbar vertebrae
They share a common tendon on the femur - 111Lateral and posterior muscles of the hip Tensor fasciae lataeExtends knee, laterally rotates knee
- 112Gluteus maximus hip and femur muscleForms mass of the buttock
Prime hip extensor
Provides most of lift when you climb stairs - 113Five muscles act as primary adductors of the thighAdductor brevis
Adductor longus
Adductor magnus
Gracilis
Pectineus - 114Anterior (extensor) compartment of the thighContains large quadriceps femoris muscle
Prime mover of knee extension
Most powerful muscle in the body - 115Has four headsrectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, and vastus intermedius
All converge on single quadriceps (patellar) tendon
Extends to patella
Then continues as patellar ligament
Attaches to the tibial tuberosity - 116Sartoriuslongest muscle in the body
“Tailor’s muscle” - 117Muscles Acting on the Knee and LegPosterior (flexor) compartment of the thigh
Contains hamstring muscles
Pulled hamstrings is a typical runners
injury.
From lateral to medial:
Biceps femoris
Semitendinosus
Semimembranosus - 118Anterior compartment of the legDorsiflex the ankle
Prevent toes from scuffing ground when walking
Tibialis anterior
Extensor digitorum longus
Extensor hallucis longus
Plantarflex the ankle
Fibularis (peroneus) longus and brevis - 119FOOT Posterior compartment—three muscles of the superficial groupGastrocnemius: plantar flexes foot, flexes knee
Soleus: plantar flexes foot
Plantaris: weak synergist of triceps surae
Triceps surae—collective name for gastrocnemius and soleus
Attaches to the calcaneus by way of the calcaneal (Achilles) tendon
Strongest tendon in the body. If ruptured, no plantar flex of foot - 120—
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- Fichas sobre Chapter 10, creado por erin murphy el 27/10/2022.
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