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A&P Lecture Final Unit 1-2
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- 1Anatomythe study of body structures
- 2regional anatomythe study of all structures in a body region, the relationships of all structures in a body region
- 3systemic anatomystudy of structures that make body systems -->unique functions
- 4anatomical positionbody upright, feet at shoulder width and parallel, toes upward, arms at side, palms facing up, supine
- 5supineface up
- 6proneface down
- 7sagittal planecuts the body into right and left
- 8coronal (frontal) planecuts the body into front and back
- 9transverse planecuts the body into upper and lower portions
- 10dorsal cavitycontains the cranial and vertebral cavities
- 11cranial cavitycontains the brain
- 12vertebral cavitycontains the spinal cord
- 13thoracic cavitycontains the organs enclosed by the ribs
- 14pleural cavitycavity surrounding the lungs
- 15pericardial cavitycavity surrounding the heart
- 16mediastinum cavitycavity in between the lungs, contains the pericardial cavity
- 17ventral body cavitycontains both the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities
- 18abdominopelvic cavitylargest of the body cavities, contains the abdominal cavity and the pelvic cavity
- 19Abdominal cavitycontains the internal organs
- 20pelvic cavitycontains the reproductive organs
- 21top right region of abdomenright hypochondriac region
- 22top middle region of abdomenepigastric region
- 23top left region of abdomenleft hypochondriac region
- 24middle right regionright lumbar region
- 25middle middle regionnaval or umbilical region
- 26middle left regionleft lumbar region
- 27bottom right regionright iliac region
- 28bottom middle regionhypogastric region
- 29bottom left regionleft iliac region
- 30histologythe study of tissues
- 31squamous cellsflat, squished
- 32cuboidal cellsequal height and width
- 33columnar celltaller than wide, rectangular
- 34spherical/ovoid cellscircular
- 35polyhedral cellmany sides
- 36fusiform cellelongated cells with tapered edges
- 37polarized celldistinct orientation, lots of different sizes
- 38acidophilialove red dye (eosin), proteins
- 39basophilialove blue-purple dye, react with nucleic acids
- 40granulesmembrane contained vesicles
- 41vacuolated cytoplasmappears to have empty holes, probably a lipid
- 42abundant cytoplasmlots of cytoplasm
- 43scant cytoplasmvery little cytoplasm
- 44sizes of nucleilarge vs. small
- 45euchromatic nucleuslight stain on nuclei shows active and loose DNA
- 46heterochromatic nucleusdarkly stained, condensed and inactive DNA
- 47simple nucleussingle oval structure
- 48segmented nucleus2 or more lobes
- 49cell sizelarge vs. small
- 50four basic tissues of the bodyconnective, epithelial, muscle, and nervous
- 51tissuea group of cells with a similar structure and perform a related function
- 52epithelial tissue functioncovering
- 53connective tissue functionsupporting
- 54nervous tissue functioncontrolling
- 55muscle tissue functionmoving
- 56Epithelial locations in the bodyany surface exposed to the outside, lining outside of organs, glandular tissue
- 57exocrine glanddeliver secretions onto epithelial surface via ducts
- 58exocrine glands are classified by:# of cells, structure, method of secretion, and secreted product
- 59structures of exocrine glandsalveolar (cells arranged to form rounded pockets), tubular ( cells arranged in uniform pattern [straight or coiled tubes]), compound (a mixture of alveolar and tubular)
- 60exocrine gland secretionserous, mucous, both
- 61Connective tissue locationmost abundant and widely distributed tissue
- 62structural elementsfibers, ground substance, cells
- 63types of connective tissue (12)dense regular, dense irregular, loose areolar, loose adipose, loose reticular, hyaline cartilage, fibrocartilage, elastic cartilage, compact bone, cancellous (spongy) bone, blood, and lymph
- 64fibers of connective tissuecollagen, elastic, reticular
- 65dense regular CT functionresistance to tension
- 66dense irregular CT functionresistance to tension when tension is found in more than one direction
- 67loose areolar CT functionsupport/binding to other tissues, hold body fluids, autoimmune defense, storage
- 68loose adipose CT functionshock absorber
- 69loose reticular CT functionsupport
- 70hyaline cartilage CT functionfree movement for bones, long bone growth
- 71elastic cartilage CT functionfirm support
- 72fibrocartilage CT functionresists tension and tearing
- 73bone CT functionsupport, protection, mineral storage, blood cell production
- 74blood and lymph CT functiontransport oxygen
- 75skeletal musclelongest muscle cell, striations, multimucleated
- 76cardiac muscleonly in heart, striations, intercalated discs, single nucleus
- 77smooth musclewalls of hollow visceral organs, elongated cell, no striations, single nucleus
- 78structure of neurondendrites --> soma (w/nucleus inside) ---> axon --> axon terminals
- 79unipolar neuronsingle extension from cell body
- 80bipolar neuron2 extensions from soma
- 81multipolar neuronmultiple extensions from soma
- 82supporting cells of nervous tissueastrocytes, microglial, oligodendrocyte
- 83layers of epidermisstratum corneum, stratum lucidum (only in thick skin), stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, stratum basale
- 84epidermis is made ofstratified squamous keratinized epithelium
- 85stratum corneukeratinized/ cornified cells, 15-30 layers
- 86stratum lucidumthin layer, good water barrier, keratinized, translucent
- 87stratum granulosum3-5 layers, keratinocytes (flattened, thicker cell membranes, produce keratin), cells begin to loose their nuclei
- 88stratum spinosum8-10 layers, keratinocytes, releases glycolipids
- 89stratum basaledeepest layer, single layer, stem cells
- 90melanocyteproduces melanin, protect keratinocytes from UV damage
- 91hemidesmosomesbasal cell attachment, similar to basal lamina
- 92desmosomesccell junctions, attach cells to each other
- 93layers of dermispapillary layer (loose tissue), reticular layer (deep, dense)
- 94langerhans cellsBM derived, located in stratum spinosum, immune survalence
- 95merkle cellsmodified keratinocytes, located in stratum basale, associated with touch receptors of skin
- 96hypodermisconnects skin to underlying tissues, loose areolar CT, adipose
- 97accessory structures of skinhair, sebaceous glands, sweat glands, nails
- 98hairshaft of cornified cells, dead keratinized cells, associated with sebaceous gland, arrector pili muscle
- 99sebaceous glandssecret oily sebum
- 100sweat glandssimple, tubular, coiled gland, produce sweat, delivered to surface by tubular ducts
- 101nailscornified structures, protection from mechanical stress
- 102cartilage cellschondrogenic cells, chondroblasts, chondrocytes
- 103perichondriumgrowth and maintenance of cartilage, surrounds most cartilage, is a dense irregular CT, vascularized
- 104chondrogenic cellsearliest developmental cells, appositional growth
- 105chondroblastsyyoung chondrocytes, actively make matrix, eventually trapped in matrix
- 106chondrocytesmature chondroblasts, active growth
- 107appositional cartilage growthmost common, chondrogenic cells --> chondroblasts make new matrix
- 108interstitial cartilage growthearly development of most cartilage, fibrocartilage only undergoes interstitial growth
- 109bone cellsosteoprogenitor --> osteoblast --> osteocyte, osteoclast
- 110osteoprogenitorhigh mitosis activity, secrete bone matrix, only bone cells that divide
- 111osteoblastbone-forming cell, secrete bone matrix, no cell division, surrounded by matrix
- 112osteocytemature bone cell, maintain matrix, surrounded by matrix, no cell division, long cytoplasmic processes
- 113osteoclastsbone-breaking cells, bone macrophage, large multinucleated, bone maintenance
- 114bone matrixhard calcium, phosphate, 25% water
- 115endosteumlines marrow cavity, thin CT layer
- 116periosteumcovers outer surface, dense CT, outer fibrous layer - collagen fibers and fibroblasts, inner fibrous layer - collagen fibers and osteoprogenitor cells
- 117osteogenesisprocess of bone formation
- 118classification of bonesflat, irregular, short, sesamoid, and long
- 119—anatomy of long bone
- 120irregular boneprotect spinal cord
- 121short bonestability, support, limited motion
- 122sesamoid boneresist compression forces on tendons
- 123long boneact as lever
- 124flat bonepoints of attachment from muscles, protect internal organs
- 125bone articulationshead, facet, condyle
- 126bone projectionsprocess, spine, tubercle, tuberosity
- 127bone holefossa, canal, fissure, foramen, sinus
- 128synarthrosisimmobile joint or nearly immobile, suture
- 129amphiarthrosisslightly movable, spine
- 130diarthrosisfreely movable, most joints
- 131synovial jointsarticulating bones are separated by a fluid-filled joint cavity, freely movable joints
- 132synovial joints are made ofhyaline cartilage, wall of joint cavity -fibrous CT layer, synovial layer
- 133types of synovial jointspivot, hinge, condyloid, saddle, plane, ball-and-socket
- 134skeletal muscle has CT ---sheaths
- 135Sheath order of Skeletal muscleepimysium, perimysium, endomysium
- 136order of layers of CT musclemuscle, fascicle, muscle fiber, myofibril
- 137sarcomerea segment of myofibril
- 138neuromuscular junctionevery muscle cell has contact with neuron, where motor neuron terminal meets muscle fiber
- 139insertionmovable end of the muscle attached to the bone being moved
- 140originend of the muscle attached to the fixed bone
- 141prime movermain muscle involved in movement
- 142synergisthelps the prime mover
- 143antagonistmuscle with opposite action of prime mover
- 144size naming of skeletal muisclesmaximus, medium, minimus
- 145length naming skeletal muscleslongus, brevis
- 146position to midline naming skeletal muscleslateralis, medialis
- 147direction of muscle fibers naming skeletal musclesrectus, oblique
- 148number group or number of origins naming skeletal musclesquads, biceps, triceps
- 149location attachment naming skeletal musclesex: sternocleinomastoid
- 150action produced naming skeletal musclesflexor, extensor
- 151—
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- Fichas sobre A&P Lecture Final Unit 1-2, creado por H Evans el 13/12/2022.
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