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A&P Lecture Final Unit 1-2

H Evans English 151 cards

anatomy of long bone

Cards in this deck (151)

  1. 1Anatomythe study of body structures
  2. 2regional anatomythe study of all structures in a body region, the relationships of all structures in a body region
  3. 3systemic anatomystudy of structures that make body systems -->unique functions
  4. 4anatomical positionbody upright, feet at shoulder width and parallel, toes upward, arms at side, palms facing up, supine
  5. 5supineface up
  6. 6proneface down
  7. 7sagittal planecuts the body into right and left
  8. 8coronal (frontal) planecuts the body into front and back
  9. 9transverse planecuts the body into upper and lower portions
  10. 10dorsal cavitycontains the cranial and vertebral cavities
  11. 11cranial cavitycontains the brain
  12. 12vertebral cavitycontains the spinal cord
  13. 13thoracic cavitycontains the organs enclosed by the ribs
  14. 14pleural cavitycavity surrounding the lungs
  15. 15pericardial cavitycavity surrounding the heart
  16. 16mediastinum cavitycavity in between the lungs, contains the pericardial cavity
  17. 17ventral body cavitycontains both the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities
  18. 18abdominopelvic cavitylargest of the body cavities, contains the abdominal cavity and the pelvic cavity
  19. 19Abdominal cavitycontains the internal organs
  20. 20pelvic cavitycontains the reproductive organs
  21. 21top right region of abdomenright hypochondriac region
  22. 22top middle region of abdomenepigastric region
  23. 23top left region of abdomenleft hypochondriac region
  24. 24middle right regionright lumbar region
  25. 25middle middle regionnaval or umbilical region
  26. 26middle left regionleft lumbar region
  27. 27bottom right regionright iliac region
  28. 28bottom middle regionhypogastric region
  29. 29bottom left regionleft iliac region
  30. 30histologythe study of tissues
  31. 31squamous cellsflat, squished
  32. 32cuboidal cellsequal height and width
  33. 33columnar celltaller than wide, rectangular
  34. 34spherical/ovoid cellscircular
  35. 35polyhedral cellmany sides
  36. 36fusiform cellelongated cells with tapered edges
  37. 37polarized celldistinct orientation, lots of different sizes
  38. 38acidophilialove red dye (eosin), proteins
  39. 39basophilialove blue-purple dye, react with nucleic acids
  40. 40granulesmembrane contained vesicles
  41. 41vacuolated cytoplasmappears to have empty holes, probably a lipid
  42. 42abundant cytoplasmlots of cytoplasm
  43. 43scant cytoplasmvery little cytoplasm
  44. 44sizes of nucleilarge vs. small
  45. 45euchromatic nucleuslight stain on nuclei shows active and loose DNA
  46. 46heterochromatic nucleusdarkly stained, condensed and inactive DNA
  47. 47simple nucleussingle oval structure
  48. 48segmented nucleus2 or more lobes
  49. 49cell sizelarge vs. small
  50. 50four basic tissues of the bodyconnective, epithelial, muscle, and nervous
  51. 51tissuea group of cells with a similar structure and perform a related function
  52. 52epithelial tissue functioncovering
  53. 53connective tissue functionsupporting
  54. 54nervous tissue functioncontrolling
  55. 55muscle tissue functionmoving
  56. 56Epithelial locations in the bodyany surface exposed to the outside, lining outside of organs, glandular tissue
  57. 57exocrine glanddeliver secretions onto epithelial surface via ducts
  58. 58exocrine glands are classified by:# of cells, structure, method of secretion, and secreted product
  59. 59structures of exocrine glandsalveolar (cells arranged to form rounded pockets), tubular ( cells arranged in uniform pattern [straight or coiled tubes]), compound (a mixture of alveolar and tubular)
  60. 60exocrine gland secretionserous, mucous, both
  61. 61Connective tissue locationmost abundant and widely distributed tissue
  62. 62structural elementsfibers, ground substance, cells
  63. 63types of connective tissue (12)dense regular, dense irregular, loose areolar, loose adipose, loose reticular, hyaline cartilage, fibrocartilage, elastic cartilage, compact bone, cancellous (spongy) bone, blood, and lymph
  64. 64fibers of connective tissuecollagen, elastic, reticular
  65. 65dense regular CT functionresistance to tension
  66. 66dense irregular CT functionresistance to tension when tension is found in more than one direction
  67. 67loose areolar CT functionsupport/binding to other tissues, hold body fluids, autoimmune defense, storage
  68. 68loose adipose CT functionshock absorber
  69. 69loose reticular CT functionsupport
  70. 70hyaline cartilage CT functionfree movement for bones, long bone growth
  71. 71elastic cartilage CT functionfirm support
  72. 72fibrocartilage CT functionresists tension and tearing
  73. 73bone CT functionsupport, protection, mineral storage, blood cell production
  74. 74blood and lymph CT functiontransport oxygen
  75. 75skeletal musclelongest muscle cell, striations, multimucleated
  76. 76cardiac muscleonly in heart, striations, intercalated discs, single nucleus
  77. 77smooth musclewalls of hollow visceral organs, elongated cell, no striations, single nucleus
  78. 78structure of neurondendrites --> soma (w/nucleus inside) ---> axon --> axon terminals
  79. 79unipolar neuronsingle extension from cell body
  80. 80bipolar neuron2 extensions from soma
  81. 81multipolar neuronmultiple extensions from soma
  82. 82supporting cells of nervous tissueastrocytes, microglial, oligodendrocyte
  83. 83layers of epidermisstratum corneum, stratum lucidum (only in thick skin), stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, stratum basale
  84. 84epidermis is made ofstratified squamous keratinized epithelium
  85. 85stratum corneukeratinized/ cornified cells, 15-30 layers
  86. 86stratum lucidumthin layer, good water barrier, keratinized, translucent
  87. 87stratum granulosum3-5 layers, keratinocytes (flattened, thicker cell membranes, produce keratin), cells begin to loose their nuclei
  88. 88stratum spinosum8-10 layers, keratinocytes, releases glycolipids
  89. 89stratum basaledeepest layer, single layer, stem cells
  90. 90melanocyteproduces melanin, protect keratinocytes from UV damage
  91. 91hemidesmosomesbasal cell attachment, similar to basal lamina
  92. 92desmosomesccell junctions, attach cells to each other
  93. 93layers of dermispapillary layer (loose tissue), reticular layer (deep, dense)
  94. 94langerhans cellsBM derived, located in stratum spinosum, immune survalence
  95. 95merkle cellsmodified keratinocytes, located in stratum basale, associated with touch receptors of skin
  96. 96hypodermisconnects skin to underlying tissues, loose areolar CT, adipose
  97. 97accessory structures of skinhair, sebaceous glands, sweat glands, nails
  98. 98hairshaft of cornified cells, dead keratinized cells, associated with sebaceous gland, arrector pili muscle
  99. 99sebaceous glandssecret oily sebum
  100. 100sweat glandssimple, tubular, coiled gland, produce sweat, delivered to surface by tubular ducts
  101. 101nailscornified structures, protection from mechanical stress
  102. 102cartilage cellschondrogenic cells, chondroblasts, chondrocytes
  103. 103perichondriumgrowth and maintenance of cartilage, surrounds most cartilage, is a dense irregular CT, vascularized
  104. 104chondrogenic cellsearliest developmental cells, appositional growth
  105. 105chondroblastsyyoung chondrocytes, actively make matrix, eventually trapped in matrix
  106. 106chondrocytesmature chondroblasts, active growth
  107. 107appositional cartilage growthmost common, chondrogenic cells --> chondroblasts make new matrix
  108. 108interstitial cartilage growthearly development of most cartilage, fibrocartilage only undergoes interstitial growth
  109. 109bone cellsosteoprogenitor --> osteoblast --> osteocyte, osteoclast
  110. 110osteoprogenitorhigh mitosis activity, secrete bone matrix, only bone cells that divide
  111. 111osteoblastbone-forming cell, secrete bone matrix, no cell division, surrounded by matrix
  112. 112osteocytemature bone cell, maintain matrix, surrounded by matrix, no cell division, long cytoplasmic processes
  113. 113osteoclastsbone-breaking cells, bone macrophage, large multinucleated, bone maintenance
  114. 114bone matrixhard calcium, phosphate, 25% water
  115. 115endosteumlines marrow cavity, thin CT layer
  116. 116periosteumcovers outer surface, dense CT, outer fibrous layer - collagen fibers and fibroblasts, inner fibrous layer - collagen fibers and osteoprogenitor cells
  117. 117osteogenesisprocess of bone formation
  118. 118classification of bonesflat, irregular, short, sesamoid, and long
  119. 119—anatomy of long boneanatomy of long bone
  120. 120irregular boneprotect spinal cord
  121. 121short bonestability, support, limited motion
  122. 122sesamoid boneresist compression forces on tendons
  123. 123long boneact as lever
  124. 124flat bonepoints of attachment from muscles, protect internal organs
  125. 125bone articulationshead, facet, condyle
  126. 126bone projectionsprocess, spine, tubercle, tuberosity
  127. 127bone holefossa, canal, fissure, foramen, sinus
  128. 128synarthrosisimmobile joint or nearly immobile, suture
  129. 129amphiarthrosisslightly movable, spine
  130. 130diarthrosisfreely movable, most joints
  131. 131synovial jointsarticulating bones are separated by a fluid-filled joint cavity, freely movable joints
  132. 132synovial joints are made ofhyaline cartilage, wall of joint cavity -fibrous CT layer, synovial layer
  133. 133types of synovial jointspivot, hinge, condyloid, saddle, plane, ball-and-socket
  134. 134skeletal muscle has CT ---sheaths
  135. 135Sheath order of Skeletal muscleepimysium, perimysium, endomysium
  136. 136order of layers of CT musclemuscle, fascicle, muscle fiber, myofibril
  137. 137sarcomerea segment of myofibril
  138. 138neuromuscular junctionevery muscle cell has contact with neuron, where motor neuron terminal meets muscle fiber
  139. 139insertionmovable end of the muscle attached to the bone being moved
  140. 140originend of the muscle attached to the fixed bone
  141. 141prime movermain muscle involved in movement
  142. 142synergisthelps the prime mover
  143. 143antagonistmuscle with opposite action of prime mover
  144. 144size naming of skeletal muisclesmaximus, medium, minimus
  145. 145length naming skeletal muscleslongus, brevis
  146. 146position to midline naming skeletal muscleslateralis, medialis
  147. 147direction of muscle fibers naming skeletal musclesrectus, oblique
  148. 148number group or number of origins naming skeletal musclesquads, biceps, triceps
  149. 149location attachment naming skeletal musclesex: sternocleinomastoid
  150. 150action produced naming skeletal musclesflexor, extensor
  151. 151—

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Flashcards on A&P Lecture Final Unit 1-2, created by H Evans on 13/12/2022.
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