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Natural Hazards
Fichas del conjunto (56)
- 1Give an example of a constructive plate boundaryThe Mid Atlantic Ridge- Eurasian and North American plates
- 2Give an example of a conservative plate boundaryThe San Andreas Fault- North American and Pacific plates
- 3Give an example of a destructive plate boundaryNazca (oceanic) and South American (continental) plates
- 4What is the difference between the focus and the epicentre?The focus is the point in the crust where the pressure is released. The point on the surface above the focus is the epicentre.
- 5Give examples of the secondary effects of an earthquakeTsunamis
Spread of disease
Loss of crops - starvation
Fires when electricity cables short circuit and gas pipes leak
Landslides
Economic effect from loss of tourism and businesses - 6What were the secondary effects of the 2011 Japan earthquake?tsunami, flooding, 4.4 million without electricity, temporary housing, hundreds of billions to repair
- 7What were the primary and secondary responses to the Japan earthquake?Primary- 116 countries offered assistance, operation USA addressed material need issues
Secondary- rebuilding of water supply, electricity, buildings etc. - 8What were the primary and secondary effects of the 2010 Haiti earthquake?Primary- docks were damaged, 230,000 people died, 180,000 homes were destroyed
Secondary- 1.5 million left homeless, cholera, electricity water and sanitation affected - 9What were the primary and secondary responses to the Haiti earthquake?Primary- foreign countries provided medical teams, search teams and emergency supplies
Secondary- schools rebuilt, cash for work programmes to clear rubble - 10What can people do to plan for an earthquake?Retrofitting- e.g. Tokyo Sky Tree with the emergency staircase down the centre
Dampeners on frame to absorb shock
Outer frame can be cross braced to reduce twisting - 11Where is the floating building and what is it?L.A. USA
It is not attached to it's foundations
Supported on suspension points
Gas, sewage and water pipes are flexible - 12What can people do to prepare for an earthquake?Education- disaster prevention day in JAPAN
Emergency kits - 13What boundary can volcanoes not occur at?Conservative
- 14How does a volcano form at a constructive boundary?1. Magma cools when it reaches the upper mantle and spreads outwards, carrying the plates in opposite directions creating a gap
2. A hotspot of magma rises up through the gap
3. A magma chamber is formed and pressure begins to rise. When this is released, an eruption occurs
4. The lava cools and hardens. Repeated eruptions build up a volcano - 15How does a volcano form at a destructive boundary?1. The oceanic plates subducts underneath the continental plate
2. The subducted plate remelts due to friction in the mantle and begins to rise up through weaknesses in the continental plate
3. Magma builds up in a magma chamber, and continues as above - 16What are the primary effects of a volcanic eruption?Lava
Ash
Pyroclastic flows
Gas
Volcanic bombs - 17When and where was the Mt. St. Helens eruption?1980 in Washington D.C.
- 18What were the primary and secondary effects of the Mt. St. Helens eruption?Primary- pyroclastic flows, lahars, ash
Secondary- 63 deaths, 200 miles of motorway destroyed, ash blocked rivers causing flooding, $1.2 billion cost - 19What were the primary and secondary responses to the Mt. St. Helens eruption?Primary- reparation to buildings and communications, rehousing
Secondary- tourism improved, soil fertility improved, careful monitoring of volcano - 20Where and when was the Nevado Del Ruiz eruption?1985 in Colombia
- 21What were the primary and secondary effects of the NDR eruption?Primary- Lahars, pyroclastic flows
Secondary- 25,000 deaths, farmland destroyed, little clean water, communications destroyed, $7.7 billion cost - 22What can people do to plan for volcanic eruptions?Sloping reinforced roofs so ash falls off
Plastic applied to roofs to stop ash corroding them
Exclusion zones and evacuation (5-mile exclusion around Mt. St. Helens) - 23What can people do to prepare for volcanic eruptions?Education, emergency kits
- 24How can you predict a volcanic eruption?Increase in volcanic gases (e.g. sulfur dioxide)
Increase in surface temperatures
Change in shape of volcano
Harmonic tremor as magma rises (mini earthquakes)
Groundwater increase in temperature and acidity - 25Why do people live in hazardous areas?Natural features and previous eruptions good for tourism e.g. Blue Lagoon in Iceland, geysers in Yellowstone
Rich veins of minerals found e.g. gold, silver copper
Lava breaks down to form fertile soil
Geothermal energy
People feel safe - 26What latitudes do tropical storms usually occur between5 north and 20 south of the equator
- 27How warm does the sea have to be for a tropical storm to form?At least 26 degrees Celsius
- 28How does a tropical storm form?1. Winds travelling over warm seas pick up moisture
2. Winds travelling north and south meet and the air begins to rise
3. As it rises, it cools and condenses forming clouds
4. More warm air is drawn in to replace the air that has risen, producing bigger clouds and more precipitation
5.The storm rotates anti-clockwise due to the earth's rotation
6. An eye forms- a clear area caused by sinking air - 29When was Hurricane Katrina, what category, and what was the most badly affected city?2005, category 4, New Orleans
- 30How tall were the storm surges? Why couldn't New Orleans cope with them?Over 6 metres, New Orleans is below sea level and the Leeves were unable to cope
- 31Why did some people not leave the area even after an evacuation order was put in place?Some people didn't want to leave
Poor people didn't have access to transport - 32Where did many people seek refuge?The Superdome Stadium- but there were shortages of food and water and it was unhygienic
- 33What percentage of the city was covered by floodwater? How many people were made homeless? How many people drowned?80%, 1 million and 1,200
- 34What was mobilised to deal with the looting and violence?The National Guard
- 35What aid was sent?$50 billion by government, UK send food aid
- 36When, where and what category was Cyclone Aila?2009, Bangladesh, category 1
- 37How many people were without clean water after the storm?1 million
- 38What effects did the flooding have?Clean water contaminated with salt water, crops and livestock destroyed, crops couldn't grow afterwards due to water
- 39What charity organised relief?Oxfam
- 40What helped to stop the spread of disease?Community health workshops
- 411 year after the storm, what was still being provided and how many were still in temporary accommodation?Water rations, 200,000
- 42How can you secure your house for a tropical storm?Cover windows, bring in outdoor furniture, reinforce garage doors, build a safe room
- 43Up to what percentage of wildfires may be human-caused?90%
- 44What are natural causes of wildfires?Spontaneous heating, volcanic eruptions, lightning
- 45What are human causes of wildfires?Arson, slash and burn farming, sparks from train wheels, BBQs and campfires, broken bottles, pylons falling down, discarded cigarettes and matches
- 46What increases the risk of a wildfire?Extended periods of drought- preheat fuels so they burn more easily
Strong winds- fan the flames and transfer sparks and embers - 47When were the Australian Black Saturday Bushfires and what state was badly affected?February 2009, Victoria
- 48How many were killed and how many homes destroyed?173, 2,100
- 49How many acres were burned? How much did it cost?1 million and $4.4 billion
- 50What did the ash contaminate?Water supplies
- 51Why did the fires happen?2 months with little/no rain
Winds up to 100 km/h
Arson and falling pylons
Temperatures up to 46 degrees for several days - 52How many firefighters were used?5,000
- 53What was introduced as a result of the fires?A new fire hazard system
- 54What is La Nina and El Nino?La Nina- warm ocean current bringing rain
El Nino- brings drought - 55How can wildfires be managed?Warning signs- fire risk
Fire rangers enforce fire bans
Back burning
Helicopters drop water from above
Weather data to predict path of fire
Removing dead vegetation - 56What are some effects of wildfires?Flood risk from vegetation loss
Damage to soil structure and nutrient content
Loss of plant species
Pollution and toxic gases
Costs and strain on emergency services
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- Fichas sobre Natural Hazards, creado por Joanna Henney el 03/02/2016.
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