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Utilitarianism

Libbie Davies Inglés 43 fichas

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  1. 1What is the Latin root of Utilitarianism?Utilitarianism is described as the Theory of Usefulness, after the Latin root word, 'utilis' - meaning useful
  2. 2Who is Francis Hutcheson?17th century Ulster Protestant who studied at the University of Glasgow
    His work was titled 'An Inquiry into the Original of our Ideas of Beauty and Virtue'
  3. 3What is the Principle of Utility?This is otherwise known as the Principle of Usefulness which means actions or behaviours are right if they promote happiness or pleasure which is most useful to society
  4. 4What does 'Optimific' mean?This is the maximisation of pleasure, happiness or welfare, which is essential for human fulfilment and well-being
  5. 5What did Francis Hutcheson argue?The phrase "greatest happiness for the greatest number" was first coined by Hutcheson
    He was not a Utilitarian in a strict sense
    He argued that sensory experience create simple ideas of approbation and condemnation
    Things which create pleasure we approve of and things which create pain which condemn.
    We prefer a happy and contented society in comparison to constant social change. The maximisation of happiness would lead to a calm and stable society.
  6. 6Who is Jeremy Bentham?18th century British philosopher
  7. 7Bentham founded a movement, known as ...The Philosophical Radicals
    This is the movement of philosophy by a group of British reformers (including John Stuart Mill) in the 19th century, inspired by Bentham.
  8. 8What is Individualism?This is the ethical view which emphasises on the moral worth of an individual
  9. 9When did Bentham mention pain and pleasure?In his work 'An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation'...
    "nature has place mankind under the governance of two sovereign masters, pain and pleasure"
  10. 10What is the Felicific Calculus? (Hedonic)This a system of calculating whether an action should be permissible or not, based on the quantitative amount of pleasure or pain produced.
    The Hedonic Calculus originates from the Greek term 'Hedone' which means pleasure.
  11. 11What is Act/Extreme Utilitarianism?This theorises that an individuals actions must be determined by the amount it increases general utility, based on principle
  12. 12What is the problem with 'predictive value' (Act Util.) ?How can one predict the future of the greatest happiness?
    E.g. in the dilemma of chosing whether to safe a new born baby or an old man, the Felicific Calculus would conclude that the old man has less quality of life than what the baby will have. However the old man could have been destined to make his major mark on political life in his late 80s/90s and the baby could grow to be a mass-murderer.
    What was a good act, as it maximised pleasure at the time, becomes an action which bought out more pain in the future.
  13. 13How did Henry Sidgewick respond to the problem of 'predictive value'?In his 'Methods of Ethics' he argued than action can be both moral and immoral at different times.
    When making a moral decision, you must respond to the immediate consequences of your actions.
    It is not certain to be certain about the long-term effects of what you decide. They are beyond our level of rational prediction.
  14. 14Who is Henry Sidgewick?Modern Act Utilitarian
  15. 15How did G.E. Moore criticise Act Util.?Naturalistic Fallacy
    Just because nature does x, does not follow that a person ought to do x
    In the case of Bentham, x is the Principle of Utility.
    Therefore, just because in nature, people prefer pleasure to pain, does not follow that people ought to do what is preferred.
  16. 16Who is G.E. Moore?20th century British philosopher
  17. 17Why is knowledge a problem with Act Util.?To calculate, using the Felicific Calculus, one needs to hold a great deal of knowledge in order to make a moral decision.
    Because Bentham is concerned with long-term happiness for society and the consequences of actions, this knowledge is practically impossible.
    E.g. 2008/9 Recession
  18. 18Why did Mill develop Rule Util?Understood the problems of Bentham's argument and wanted to define pleasure more carefully
    Mill shifted the emphasis from quantity to quality.
  19. 19What did Mill say about this Lower Pleasures?"worthy only of swine"
    "it is better to be a human dissatisfied than it is to be a pig satisfied. Better to be Socrates dissatisfied than it is to be a fool satisfied"
  20. 20Which was the most important of Mill's principles?The Principle of Liberty
    This is the state of being free from society from oppressive restrictions, imposed by authority on ones behaviour or political views.
  21. 21What are the three elements of Mill's Principle of Liberty?
  22. 22What did Mill mean by the Principle of Universalisability?This is the idea that if an action is right for one person in a situation, then it is also right for anyone in that situation.
    This means what is good for one is good for all
    This does not mean that what makes one person happy, should make everyone happy. Instead it means that society is happy when we are all happy, in our different ways.
  23. 23How does Mill speak of happiness?Happiness is a state of mind, resulting from the application of a series of basic principles in society
  24. 24What will happen if we deny these basic principles?This will result in the absence of the aggregate of individual happiness
  25. 25Why is Mill's theory named WEAK Rule (Restrictive) Util?Rule - because it looks at the rule and determines whether it is good for bad, rather than the consequence
    Weak - Although he says that there should be generally accepted principles, they should not always be adhered to indefinitely.
  26. 26How did Henry Sidgewick criticise Mill?How can one possible distinguish higher and lower pleasures accurately?
    If all cultures and spiritual activities provide the same sum of happiness and pleasure e.g. painting and reading Shakespeare, then there is nothing to choose between them.
  27. 27What did John C. Harsanyi say about Preference Util?"in deciding what is good and what is bad for an individual, the ultimate criterion can only be his own wants and his own preferences"
  28. 28What did John C. Harsanyi say about Manifest Preference?A Manifest Preference is what you prefer which is based on immediate desires and needs
  29. 29What did John C. Harsanyi say about True Preference?True Preferences are based on reflecting all the information known and on the likely consequences
  30. 30What is wrong with the idea of Manifest and True Preference?This is a paternalistic feature - which is the idea that a person or group in author, is qualified to make decisions in the 'best interest of other people'
    Which implies that those who practice manifest preferences are 'rationally lower' on a scale.
  31. 31Who is Peter Singer?Modern Australian philosopher
  32. 32What did Singer say about Real Preference?True Preferences are more moral and ethical for when making decisions.
  33. 33What did Singer mean by an Impartial Spectator??
  34. 34How does sentience link into Singer's argument??
  35. 35Explain Singer's example of a Battery Farm??
  36. 36What did Singer write in Practical Ethics??
  37. 37What did Singer mean by the Principle of Equal Consideration??
  38. 38What are the problems with Singer's Principle of Equal Consideration??
  39. 39What is Negative Utilitarianism??
  40. 40Who developed the theory of Negative Utilitarianism??
  41. 41How is Negative Utilitarianism similar to Buddhist teachings??
  42. 42How would negative util. please Sidgewick??
  43. 43—

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Fichas sobre Utilitarianism, creado por Libbie Davies el 14/04/2016.
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Libbie Davies
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