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Coastal Zone

Jade Potter-Goddard Geography GCSE Inglés 65 fichas

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  1. 1What make constructive waves?Water and little or gentle wind.
  2. 2What makes destructive waves?Water and strong wind.
  3. 3What are the properties of constructive waves? (5)- Small height.
    - Strong swash which carries large amounts of sediment up the beach.
    - Weak backwash which means little erosion.
    - Formed by storms which can be miles away.
    - Large space between the waves.
  4. 4What are the properties of destructive waves? (5)- Large height.
    - Weak swash which means little beach building.
    - Powerful and have lots of energy.
    - Strong backwash pulling sand and shingle down the beach.
    - Close together and can get caught up with each other forming a swirling mass.
  5. 5Define Fetch.The distance of open water over which the wind can blow.
  6. 6Define Crest.The top of the wave.
  7. 7What 3 things shape our coast and what is that dependent on?Man, erosion and weathering all dependent of the geology.
  8. 8Describe the stages of freeze thaw? (3)1. Rain falls into the cracks of rocks.
    2. The rain freezes and expands as it turns to ice causing the crack to widen.
    3. The crack weakens over a period of time which then causes the rock to break off.
  9. 9Describe the stages of biological weathering? (3)1. Water is deposited into cracks in rocks where soil can also fall in.
    2. Birds and other animals drop seeds into the crack.
    3. Plants take root and further weaken rocks and widen cracks. Rock may break off.
  10. 10Describe the stages of Onion Skin Weathering/Exfoliation? (3)1. The sun heats the rocks.
    2. At night the temp cool. These constant changes in temp weakens the surface of the rock.
    3. Rock crumbles off in layers.
  11. 11What are the two types of physical/mechanical weathering?Onion Skin and Freeze Thaw.
  12. 12What is weathering sometimes also known as and what does it do?Sub aerial processes which changes the shape of our coastline.
  13. 13What are the 5 types of erosion?- Hydraulic power.
    - Corrasion.
    - Abrasion.
    - Solution.
    - Attrition.
  14. 14Describe hydraulic power?As waves smash against the cliff trapped air goes into the holes and cracks. Eventually, the rock will break apart.
  15. 15What is the explosive force of air operating called?Cavitation.
  16. 16Describe corrosion.Rocks being thrown against the cliffs by waves which scrape and gouge at the rock.
  17. 17Describe abrasion.The 'sandpapering' effect of pebbles grinding over the rocky platform causing smoothness.
  18. 18Describe solution erosion.Some rocks react with the sea water and dissolve, particularly limestone and chalk.
  19. 19Describe attrition.Rock fragments carried by the sea knock against each other causing them to get smaller and more rounded.
  20. 20Where does weathering occur?On the top and face of the cliff.
  21. 21Where does erosion occur?At the base of the cliff.
  22. 22Describe the stages of mass movement/cliff slump. (3)1. When the tide comes in it erodes the softer rock and forms a wave cut notch.
    2. With both weathering and erosion the top becomes too heavy which causes it to move down or slump onto the beach.
    3. SOMETIMES is there is tong rock below a platform with form causing the cliff to retreat. These platforms act as rockpools etc.
  23. 23What are 2 environmental impacts of cliff slump/retreat?- Reduces the cliff top and surface for people to walk/live on.
    - Loss of land and vegetation.
  24. 24What are 2 social impacts of cliff slump/retreat?- People have to abandon their homes, possessions and jobs.
    - People can't visit these areas because its too dangerous.
  25. 25What is an economical impact of cliff slump/retreat?Jobs are being cut by lost businesses.
  26. 26Describe how headlands are formed.When certain rock is left behind after erosion because it's particularly resistant. They're more vulnerable to wave power because waves hit the headland first and lose their energy and power.
  27. 27Describe how bays are forms.When weaker sections are easily eroded. They're sheltered from the waves which are less powerful once they reach the bay. Deposition tends to dominate.
  28. 28Describe the 6 stages of how caves, arches and stacks are formed.1. Joint or fault in the resistant rock.
    2. Corrasion and hydraulic power of waves widens the weaknesses in the cliff to form a cave.
    3. Waves cut through headland to form an arch which is continually widened at the base.
    4. Roof of arch become too heavy to be supported and collapses.
    5. A stack is an isolated portion of the cliff.
    6. The stack in undercut and collapses to leave a stump which is covered up at high tides.
  29. 29Describe how beaches are formed.By sand and shingle being deposited at the coast. Often occur in sheltered bays where the waves refract. Wave refraction spreads out and reduced the energy which is why deposition occurs.
  30. 30Describe how bars are formed.These are freshwater lakes/lagoons that get trapped by a spit growing right across the bay.
  31. 31Describe how spits are formed.Sediment is transported by longshore drift and is deposited at the point where the coastline changes direction or where a river mouth occurs. The tip is often affected by the approaching waves from different directions and often ends up curved.
  32. 32Name the 5 types of coastal transportation?- Solution
    - Traction
    - Saltation
    - Longshore Drift
    - Suspension
  33. 33Describe solution transportation?Dissolved chemicals often derived from limestone or chalk.
  34. 34Describe traction?Large pebbles rolled along the seabed.
  35. 35Describe saltation?A 'hopping' or 'bouncing' motion of particles too heavy to be suspended.
  36. 36Describe suspension?Particles carried (suspended) within the water.
  37. 37Describe Longshore Drift?Waves approach the shore at an angle which causes the sediment to be moved along the beach by angled awash and backwash.
  38. 38Define hard engineering?Using physical man made features to protect the coast from the power and effects of waves.
  39. 39What is the shoreline management plan?An integrated coastal management plan for a stretch of the coastline of England & Wales.
  40. 40What are the 4 options in the SMP?- Let the waves make and destroy lives naturally.
    - Only protect valuable land through building better defences.
    - Improve existing defences.
    - Allow certain areas to flood in order to protect other areas.
  41. 41What is a sea wall and their cost?Has a curved face to reflect waves back.
    Up to £10m per km.
  42. 42What are the positives of a sea wall? (2)-Effective at stopping the sea.
    - Often has a walkway/promenade for peopl to walk along.
  43. 43What are the negatives of a sea wall? (2)- Can block views and look unnatural..
    - Very expensive to build and look after.
  44. 44What are groynes and their cost?They broaden the beach and reduce sediment loss from Longshore drift.
    Up to £5000 per metre.
  45. 45What are the positives of groynes? (3)- Bigger beach attracts tourists.
    - Provide useful structures for fishing.
    - Not too expensive.
  46. 46What are the negatives of groynes? (2)- Stop other beaches getting sediment, causing erosion and just shifting the problem.
    - Unnatural and can be unattractive.
  47. 47What is rock armour and its cost?Wires of rock put at the coast to reduce wave power.
    £1000-£4000 per metre.
  48. 48What are the positives of rock armour? (2)- Cheap and easy to look after.
    - Can provide interest to coast and useful for fishing.
  49. 49What are the negatives of rock armour? (3)- Rock transportation is very expensive.
    - Don't fit in with local geology.
    - Can block views.
  50. 50Why is hard engineering becoming less popular? (3)- Expensive
    -Unnatural
    - Can cause problems elsewhere.
  51. 51What is beach nourishment and how much does it cost?Adding sand or shingle to a beach to make it higher/broader. £3000 per metre.
  52. 52What are the positives of beach nourishment? (3)- Quite cheap and easy to maintain.
    - Blends in.
    - Bigger beach means more tourists.
  53. 53What are the negatives of beach nourishment? (1)- Needs constant maintenance, unless other structures replace it.
  54. 54What is dune regeneration and how much does it cost?They make good buffers. Marta, grass planted to stabilise them, areas are fenced off to protect them. £2000 per 100m.
  55. 55What are the positives of dune regeneration? (2)- Mantains a natural coastal environment that's popular with people and wildlife.
    - Quite cheap.
  56. 56What are the negatives of dune regeneration? (3)- Time consuming to plant and fence off areas.
    - People don't respond well to being restricted.
    - Can be damaged by storms.
  57. 57What is marsh creation/managed retreat and how much does it cost?Salt marshes are created by flooding low-lying coastal areas. Acts as a barrier to the sea.
    £5000-£10,000 per hectare.
  58. 58What are they positives of marsh creation? (2)- Cheap option compared to maintaining expensive sea defences.
    - Creates a much neede habitat.
  59. 59What are the negatives of marsh creation? (2)- Land will be lost with the flooding.
    - Farmers/landowners will need to be compensated.
  60. 60Where is Tuvalu?In the Pacific Ocean.
  61. 61What are the impacts of sea rise? (5)- Land is lost by erosion.
    - Incresed ocean acidification.
    - More salt in the ground means crops can't be grown.
    - Homes are invaded by sea water.
    - Fish migrate because of higher air and sea surface levels.
  62. 62What strategies are being used to fight sea level rise? (5)- Planting Mangroves (Roots help secure the earth and sand, retaining land. Can also provide habitats for fish.)
    - Planting sea resistant plants. (Crops can be grown again and produce food for the future.)
    - Moving shellfish and creating shellfish farms. (Moving them to safer areas means that won't migrate or die so they will reproduce and supply food.
    - Imprpved water conservation.
    - Replenishing beaches.
  63. 63Where is the Great Barrier Reef?North-Eastern coast of Australia in the state of Queensland.
  64. 64What problems is the GBR facing? (5)- Litter kills animals.
    - Oil and Feul leaks from boats.
    - Pesticides and chemicals from farmers wash into the water.
    - Acid Rain.
    - Water warming up.
  65. 65What sustainable methods have been put into place in the GBR? (5)- Farmers are using different methods and preventing the use of pesticides which means the water will remain healthy.
    - Park rangers tell people off for littering etc. Which stops environmental damage.
    - Fish enclosures means that less fish die and can be eaten in the future. Biodiversity remains.
    - Educating people in schools teaches them not to litter and encourages them to be involved with the protection.
    - Biodegradable sick bags mean that they break down and the animals don't eat them.

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  • Creado por maya velasquez · 9 nov 2015
  • Copiado por Andrea Leyden · 9 nov 2015
  • Copiado por Jade Potter-Goddard · 9 nov 2015
  • Copiado por Jade Potter-Goddard · 9 nov 2015
  • Copiado por Jade Potter-Goddard · 9 nov 2015
  • Copiado por Jade Potter-Goddard · 11 may 2016
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