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ICT - Unit 1
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- 1What is Data?Data consists of raw facts and figures that doesn't have a meaning until it is processed and given a context.
- 2Example of Data?Chocolate, Strawberry, Vanilla, Strawberry, Vanilla, Vanilla, Strawberry, Vanilla, Vanilla
- 3What is Information?Information is data which has been processed within a context, in order to give it meaning.
- 4Information Equation.Data + Context + Meaning = Information.
- 5Example of Information?The data was a list of ice cream flavours that were sold yesterday.
The most popular was Vanilla. - 6What is Knowledge?Knowledge is the capability of understanding the relationship between pieces of information and what to do with the information.
- 7Example of Knowledge?The manager can see that vanilla was the most popular, so next time he places an order he can order more vanilla than chocolate, as this was the least popular.
- 8What ways can information be conveyed?- Text
- Pictures
- Sound
- Video
- Animation
- LEDs - 9Pros of Text.- People are comfortable with reading text
- A large amount of information and detail can be conveyed easily
- Can be used in a variety of contexts, e.g. books, leaflets, websites - 10Cons of Text.- Large amounts of text can be off putting and difficult to read
- Blind or Visually Impaired people might not be able to access the information
- Poor choice of font size and style can make it difficult to read - 11Pros of Pictures.- Information can be conveyed very quickly
- People can understand images, no matter what language they speak
- They can help to support or add extra detail to textual information. - 12Cons of Pictures.- Blind or Visually impaired people may not be able to access the information
- If they are poor quality they can lose their impact
- - 13Pros of Sound.- Can convey information to people who can't read.
- Can convey a lot of information quickly.
- Can convey information to lots of people at once. - 14Cons of Sound.- Can be difficult to understand e.g. if the language is unknown.
- People with poor hearing may not be able to access the information. - 15Pros of Videos.- Can be used for things like training e.g. tutorials.
- A lot of information can be conveyed quickly. - 16Cons of Videos.- Equipment is needed to view the videos.
- Quality can be poor, making them look unprofessional. - 17Pros of Animation.- Can convey a lot of information with very little text or sound required.
- Can be custom made for a particular reason.
- Good for catching peoples attention, quickly.
- Can convey information in a 'fun' way. - 18Cons of Animation.- Can be expensive and time consuming to produce.
- Need specialist software to produce them.
- Can distract users from the main product/ information.
- People can find them annoying. - 19Pros of LEDs.- Can convey simple information e.g. caps lock on/off
- Inexpensive method of portraying information.
- No language barriers involved.
- LEDs light up very quickly, so no waiting involved.
- They are very small, so they won't take up much space on appliances. - 20Cons of LEDs.- Only limited information can be displayed.
- No use for people with visual impairment.
- Can be difficult to see in some cases.
- If there is a software, hardware or network failure, some information cannot be displayed. - 21What are the different types of data?- Boolean
- Real
- Integer
- String
- Date / Time - 22What is Boolean?Boolean data can hold one of two values, e.g.
- Yes / No
- True / False
- 0 / 1
A Boolean data type is used to answer questions where there are exactly two options. - 23What is Real?A Real data type is numerical data which contains decimal numbers, e.g.
- Weight in Kg: 12.39
- Measurements in M: 10.2
- Temperature in C: 37.4 - 24What is Integer?An Integer data type stores whole numbers.
The numbers can be positive or negative but can't contain decimals.
They cannot store text, characters or symbols.
E.g.
Shoe Size; 5, 6, 7, 8
Year; 2007
Price of Car (£); 1000 - 25What is Text / String?A text or string data type can hold any alphanumeric character including text, numbers or symbols.
The data can be pure text or a combination of text, numbers and symbols.
E.g.
Telephone Number
Car Number Plate
Name
Address - 26What is Date / Time?This is used to store any data that is related to date or time.
With this data type, you can choose the format for how you want to the data to automatically be displayed.
e.g.
14/05/14
14 May 14
14th May 2014 - 27What is an original data source?Where YOU have made efforts to obtain the data directly.
- 28What ways can data be gathered for an original data source?- Questionnaires
- Face to Face Interviews
- Observation
- Data Logging - 29Pros of Direct / Original Data.- You get the exact data you need
- You only gather as much as you need
- You know exactly where the data came from, so you can estimate how reliable it is
- You may be able to sell the data for other purposes - 30Cons of Direct / Original Data.- Data gathering may take a long time to collect
- Data gathering may be expensive as you hire other companies to get it for you
- It may involbe having to purchase equipment such as data loggers and computers
- It may not be possible to gather original data due to the time of year e.g. you want winter snowfall data and the project is now in the middle of summer. - 31What is indirect data?This is data that has been collected for a particular reason but then that data is used for something else.
- 32Pros of Indirect Data.- Takes less time to gather than original data
- It may be cheaper to obtain than gathering original data
- Makes extra use of original data you already have by processing for a different purpose
- Archiving ensures that all the data you have collected is available for uses you have not considered just yet. - 33Cons of Indirect Data.You may not know exactly where the data has come from and so it may be unreliable
- If you have to buy the data from a specialist company then it may be more expensive than collecting it yourself
- There may be only a small part of the data needed so you have to extract what you want from a large data set
- You may not be able to obtain exactly the data you want. - 34What is Archived Data?Data that is no longer in use is copied, stored away from the computer system and the original copy on the computer is removed.
- 35What is a static information source?This is when the information will show little or no change. Once a static information source has been created it is unlikely to be changed or updated for a significant amount of time.
- 36Example of Static Information Source?- CD-ROM
- Books
- Newspapers - 37Advantages of Static Information Sources.- Usually checked for accuracy so often more than dynamic sources.
- Can be used without access to the internet.
- If the information is paper based then it can be used without access to a computer.
- Have a historical copy to refer back to even if a later version is produced. Whereas with a dynamic source, the data can be overwritten or vanished.
- Can be distributed to the people who have specific interest in the information e.g. customers, teachers. - 38Disadvantages of Static Information Sources.- If held on a CD, he disk could be damaged or lost.
- Can take a long time to produced i.e. in terms of checking, publishing and distribution.
- Specialised information can be expensive to purchase. - 39What is a Dynamic Information Source?This is an information source that has continuous change, activity or progress.
- 40Examples of Dynamic Data Sources?- News Websites; They change all throughout the as new stories occur.
- 41Advantages of Dynamic Data Sources.- Can be updated very quickly as changes happen.
- Often fairly inexpensive to maintain when compared with producing static information sources.
- A large number of people can access the information or to cross reference information.
- You don't need to know where to look for the information because you can use a search engine to locate relevant webpages.
- Can access a lot of free content. - 42Disadvantages of Dynamic Data Sources.- Changes can be made quickly and mistakes may go unnoticed.
- You may need certain hardware such as a computer to access the internet or a mobile phone to access information services.
- There may be conflicting information on different websites.
- The information may be biased or completely wrong.
- Information overload - it can feel overwhelming if you don't know what you are looking for. - 43What are the 6 factors that affect the quality of information?- Accuracy
- Level of Detail
- Presentation
- Completeness
- Age
- Relevance - 44How does Accuracy affect Information?If the data that you have collected is inaccurate then the information it will produce will inevitably also be inaccurate.
- 45How does Relevance affect Information?In order for information to be useful it must be relevant to you / what you need it for.
- 46How does Age affect Information?In order to be useful, information needs to be up to date. In many cases, information changes over time and so old or out of date information can be misleading or give you the wrong picture of what is happening.
- 47How can completeness affect information?In order for information to be useful, it needs to be complete. If parts of the information is missing then you will not be able to make use of it or make accurate decisions.
- 48How does Presentation affect Information?Information which is presented in a disorganised way or in a manner that is hard to understand will be less useful to you and be a little value. Choosing the best method of presenting information before presenting it can make it easier to understand and more useful.
- 49How does the Level of Detail affect Information?For information to be useful, there needs to be the right amount of detail. If there is too much detail then the information can seem overwhelming and difficult to understand. But if there is too little detail then if will be difficult to understand the whole picture. Lack of detail has similar factors as 'completeness' does.
- 50What is Coding of Data?Any system such as a database system, will need to have data collected, entered and stored. One method of storing data is to assign codes to it. This normally means shortening the original data by a few letters or using initials.
- 51Why code data?- Speed Up Data Entry; meaning that more data can be entered in a short amount of time.
- Increase the Accuracy of Data Entry; as only a few letters are being entered it will cut down the risk of mistakes being made with spelling.
- Less Storage Space is Required; this is because only a minimal amount of characters are being typed in. - 52Examples of Data Coding?Countries;
- Great Britain : GB
- France : FR
- Canada : CA - 53What Problems are there with Coding Data?- Coarsening of data, meaning that during the coding process some of the subtle details in the data are lost.
- Coding can obscure the meaning of data, meaning it may confuse people or be hard for them to recognise. - 54What is Validation?"Validation aims to make sure that data is sensible, reasonable, complete and within acceptable boundaries."
Validation is one way of trying to reduce the number of errors in the data being entered into your system. - 55What are the different types of Validation?- Range Check
- Type Check
- Check Digit
- Length Check
- Lookup
- Picture/ Format Check
- Presence Check - 56What is a Range Check?A range check is commonly used for when you are working with data which consists of numbers, currency or dates and times.
A range check allows you to set suitable boundaries.
*** Isn't accepted by most mark schemes *** - 57What is a Type Check?A type check will ensure that the correct type of data is entered in that field.
- 58What is a Check Digit?This is used when you want to be sure that a range of numbers has been entered correctly.
- 59What is a Length Check?A length check ensures that the correct about of characters have been entered.
- 60What is a Lookup?Where you have a field which only allows a limited list of items to be entered then a lookup list can help reduce errors.
- 61What is a Picture/ Format Check?These are used when some types of data consist of the same pattern. E.g. a Postcode will be LLNN NLL - which means that you can set up a picture/ format check for this to ensure that a letter isn't entered where a number should be.
- 62What is a Presence Check?A presence check makes sure that a critical field cannot be left blank, it must be filled in. If a field is left blank, an error message will occur.
- 63What are the 2 types of Common Errors?- Transcription Errors.
- Transposition Errors. - 64What is a Transcription Error?This is when data is manually entered and an error is made when makes a spelling mistake for example;
"Smyth" instead of "Smith" - 65What is a Transposition Error?Transposition errors occur where the person entering the data accidentally changed the order of number or letters. For example; entering "Smiht" instead of "Smith"
- 66What is Verification?Verification means to check that the data on the original source document is identical to the data that you have entered into the system or object document.
- 67Ways of Verification?- Entering the Data Twice.
- Checking the Data on the Screen Against the Original Paper Copy.
- Printing Out a Copy of the Data and Comparing the Printout to the Original Paper Document.
- Get someone to Look at It. - 68What is a Back-Up?A back-up is simply making a copy of a documents for example and storing it somewhere else than on the hard drive.
- 69What are things you can Back-Up onto?- CD-RW
- DVD-RW
- Memory Stick
- Magnetic Tape
- External Hard Drive
- Online Storage - 70What is the difference between Backing Up and Archiving?When files are backed up, the original data still remains on the system, but with archiving, once a copy has been made, the original files are removed from the system.
- 71What are benefits of Archiving Data?- You have a permanent record or source of the data/ files that are no longer in use
- Reduces data which is stored on the network or system, meaning its faster to back-up
- Network storage space is expensive, and by archiving, it frees up space for data and files
- Improves the performance of the system since less files are stored. - 72What are the 4 main costs involved with producing any information?- Hardware
- Software
- Consumables
- Manpower - 73What costs are involved with Hardware?- Original cost of the Hardware
- Replacement cost of Hardware
- Maintenance of Hardware
- Storage of Information on the Hardware. - 74What are the costs involved with Software?- Initial cost of Software
- Upgrading Software
- Licences
- Support Costs - 75What are consumables?- Paper
- Toner
- Cartridges - 76What costs are involved in Manpower?- Cost of Labour
- Training - 77What are the 2 different types of software?- System Software
- Application Software - 78What are System Software?- The Operating System
- Utility Programs
- Drivers - 79What is Application Software?These are the everyday programs that you use such as Word Processors and Web Browsers.
- 80What is an Operating System?All computers have one and can't function without one. It allows applications software to communicate with the hardware.
The tasks they perform include;
- Sorting out where to store data on disk drives
- Dealing with Security; usernames and passwords
- Organising files and folders
- Managing data transfer from the CPU to the peripherals e.g. printer
- Deals with saving, deleting, opening and closing files. - 81What is a User Interface?This is the software that enables you to provide instructions and to control the device.
- 82What is Utility Program?Something that is designed to do one or two task very well and nothing else.
These include;
- File Sorting
- File Renaming
- File Conversion
- File Repair
- Disk Monitoring and Defragmentation
- Printing Jobs
- Backing Up Data
- Anti Virus - 83What is Applications Software?A software application carries out task that the user is interested in doing such as writing a letter, creating graphs, sending an email or downloading a webpage. They can be classified under 3 main categories;
- General Purpose Software
- Specialist Software
- Tailor Made or Bespoke Software. - 84What is General Purpose Software?Sometimes known as 'off the shelf' software, these are used at home and school. Examples include, word processors, spreadsheets, databases etc.
- 85What is bespoke software?This is when software is designed specifically for a need.
- 86REVISE INPUT, PROCESS AND OUTPUT PROCESS IN TEXT BOOK!!!!!!!!!!
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- A Levels (AS ) ICT Fichas sobre ICT - Unit 1, creado por faithevalouise el 06/05/2014.
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- faithevalouise
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