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Anthropology Exam Revision
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- 1Peake and FleureIntelligence hypothesis. Smart people see the advantages of agriculture.
- 2V. G. ChildeOasis theory.
- 3What is the oasis theory?Dry conditions at end of pleistocene forced people to move to river valleys where heaps of plants and animals were and therefore had heaps of potential domesticates. (Symbiotic relationship)
- 4Braidwood and FlanksSettling in theory ( movement to areas rich in wild grasses led to experimentation)
- 5CohenSaturated world - the hunter-gatherers saturated all areas and exhausted all possible strategies for increased food supply.
- 6Kennedy and WatsonWoman have extensive knowledge of botany and therefore manipulate the plants which results to domestication
- 7RindosCo evolution since plants use humans as a dispersal mechanism and therefore the ones more inclined to attract humans get re-established
- 8Name 3 obstacles to domesticationDiet not easily supplied by humans
Slow growth rate and long gestation
Nasty disposition
Reluctance to breed in captivity
Anxious in enclosed space when predators present - 9Near East consists out of which countries?Turkey, Lebanon, Israel and Palenstine
- 10Shanidar caveKurdistan, Iraq
- 11Which period is associated with the earliest agriculture?Neolithic
- 12What happened at the Ohalo site and where is it found?Israel:
Lots of vegetal preservation (shows broad use of grains) and brushhuts are preserved. - 13Where is Jericho found?In the Levant
- 14What occurred in Catalhoyuk and where was it found?Syria - round to rectangular houses
Lots of ritual paraphenalia = new social control mechanisms
Trade and exchange i.e. obsidian
Pottery production - 15KebaranArchaeological culture consisting out of many hunter-gatherer individuals in Mesopotamia
- 16Natufian Where was it found and what was found?Wadi Hammeh near Jordan Valley
Semi-subterrean houses with storage pits and pavements
Also tool kits with grinding stones and the sickle blades which show use of wild grains - 17What do sickle blades suggest?Use and cultivation of wild grains
- 18Younger dryasAn episode of global cooling approx. 12.8ka
Couldve triggered people to start farming - 19PPNASeveral species of animals killed although they were not domesticated (no morphological alterations) and circular houses present
- 20PPNBBigger sites found with rectangular houses
Wild gazelle hunting replaced by domesticated sheep
Long distance trade evident - shells from the red sea and obsidian from Anatolia - 21Ain GhazalJordan
Plastered sculptures buried in a pit which suggests link to human burials.
Human upper skull removed - 22Where is Catalhoyuk? And what is it known for?Central Anatolia
Murals of cattle - 23How is heard management shown in Ganji Daren, Iran?Juveniles killed for meat
Older females kept for breeding
Decline in males - shows domestication - 24Fertile CrescentFertile land rich in flora and fauna which provided ancestors with many domesticates
- 25What did the Natufian hunter-gathers do?Made use of the rich resources which resulted in population growth and reduced mobility.
- 26What evidence is seen by PPNB?lots of evidence of small villages with enhanced ritual and long distance trade
- 27What were the three sisters and which was domesticated first?Beans, Maize and Squash
Squash domesticated first - 28Name some other native american domesticatesChilli, tobacco, cocoa, potato etc.
- 29Where were the three sisters domesticated?Mesoamerica
- 30What was domesticated in South America?Root crops like potato, sweet potato and manioc
- 31What did maize develop from?Wild teosinte
- 32American domesticated animals incl.Ilama, Alpaca and Guinea pig
Dogs, turkey and duck - 33Who investigated Tehuacan Valley?McNeish
- 34What is found at Tehuacan Valley?Central Mexican Highlands
Hunter gatherers hunted extinct horses and antelope and smaller game like rabbits, turtles and birds etc. - 35Where is the bean and squash ancestor found?Tehuacan Valley
- 36Name three plant spp. that were domesticated at Tehuacan valley?Avocado, chilli and squash
- 37What are the three changes following bean domestication?Seed permeability, morphological change - non- shattering pod and perrenial to annual growth patterns.
- 38Who suggested the model of orgin of agriculture?Flannery
- 39Which site did Flannery work at?Guila Naquitz - dry highland cave
- 40Where is the earliest development of ritual thought to be? And what is the ritual?Gheo Shih - its a dance ground
- 41Where did cannabilism occur and what was added to the dead bodies?Coxactlan Cave Tehuacan Valley
Wild crops were harvested and added to the dead bodies in the burial - 42What is found at San Jose MogoteA ritual mens house
- 43Where did the most complex agricultural development occurred? Near East or New World?Near East
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- Fichas sobre Anthropology Exam Revision, creado por tarrynjnnz el 16/06/2014.
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