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PHL1005A_Predicate Logic
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- 1What does PREDICATE LOGIC study?it studies the way propositions entail each other in virtue of their internal structure (i.e. how they are valid or invalid in virtue of what goes on inside them)
- 2What is traditional predicate logic also known as and why?also known as syllogistic logic because the arguments it studies are called syllogisms
- 3What are syllogisms made of and how can their relation be displayed?Syllogisms are made up of four basic types of propositions and the relation between them can be displayed using the traditional "square of opposition"
- 4Draw a square of opposition:
- 5What does a VENN DIAGRAM do?it displays the various relations in which classes of object can stand to one another
- 6Draw all the possibilities in a Venn diagram if A=Cats and B=tame things:
- 7What do the various possibilities of A=Cats and B=tame things mean?1 = cats that are not tame
2 = cats that are tame
3 = tame things that are not cats
4 = tame things that are neither cats nor tame - 8What does a tick in a certain area of a Venn diagram mean?it means that there IS something in this area
- 9Draw a Venn diagram representing "Some cat is tame" when A=Cats and B=tame things:
- 10Draw a Venn diagram representing "Some cat is not tame" when A=Cats and B=tame things:
- 11What does shading in a certain area of a Venn diagram mean?it meants that there is NOTHING in it
- 12Draw a Venn diagram representing "Not cat is tame" when A=Cats and B=tame things:
- 13Draw a Venn diagram representing "Every cat is tame" when A=Cats and B=tame things:
- 14When would you use a "?" in a Venn diagram?if it is uncertain where to place a tick
- 15Draw a Venn diagram representing "Some A is B" when representing relations between three different kind of objects A, B and C:
- 16Symbolise the following syllogism • Every lion is warm blooded. • No fish is warm blooded. • No lion is a fish.• A = Lions
• B = Warm blooded creatures
• C = Fish
• Every A is B
• No C is B
• No A is C - 17Draw a Venn diagram for the following: • Every A is B • No C is B • No A is C
- 18What does syllogistic logic allow you to infer?“Some A is B” from “Every A is B” and also “Some A is not B” from “Every A is not B.”
- 19What is the problem with infering the above from syllogistic logic?it seems true to say that “Every vampire sucks blood,” but odd to say that “Some vampire sucks blood.” The first looks like a clarification of the meaning of “vampire,” while the second seems to claim (falsely) that some vampire exists.
- 20How does modern predicate logic solve this problem?resolves this ambiguity by analysing the two statements quite differently
e.g. treats “Every vampire sucks blood” as equivalent to the conditional statement “If something is a vampire, then it sucks blood” – which is true whether vampires exist or not. And it treats “some vampire sucks blood” as equivalent to the conjunction “there is a thing that is a vampire and sucks blood” – which is clearly false. - 21What are the 5 steps of RECONSTRUCTING and SYMBOLISING arguments?1. identify conclusion and premises
2. decide whether thea - 22When do we use a "?" instead of a tick in a Venn diagram?when it is uncertain where we should place a tick
- 23Draw a Venn diagram representing "some A is B" when it represents the relation between three different kind of objects?:
- 24Symbolise the following syllogism: • Every lion is warm blooded. • No fish is warm blooded. • No lion is a fish.• A = Lions
• B = Warm blooded creatures
• C = Fish
• Every A is B
• No C is B
• No A is C - 25Draw a Venn diagram for the symbolised syllogism: • Every A is B • No C is B • No A is C Is it valid?
- 26What does Aristotelian or syllogistic logic allow you to infer?“Some A is B” from “Every A is B” and also “Some A is not B” from “Every A is not B.”
- 27Why is infering this from syllogistic logic problematic?seems true to say that “Every vampire sucks blood,” but odd to say that “Some vampire sucks blood.” The first looks like a clarification of the meaning of “vampire,” while the second seems to claim (falsely) that some vampire exists
- 28How does modern predicate logic resolve this problem?by analysing the two statements quite differently
e.g. it treats “Every vampire sucks blood” as equivalent to conditional statement “If something is a vampire, then it sucks blood” – true whether vampires exist or not
it treats “some vampire sucks blood” as equivalent to conjunction “there is a thing that is a vampire and sucks blood” – clearly false.
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- (PHL1005A_Evidence and Argument) Philosophie Fichas sobre PHL1005A_Predicate Logic, creado por Cat Fischer el 20/12/2017.
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- Cat Fischer
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