Fichas
Pathology Test
Fichas del conjunto (208)
- 1What is electrons replace photons, electromagnetic lenses replace glass lenses and imagines are viewed on a screen rather than through an eyepiece. For the viewing of the internal cell.Transmission Electron Microscope
- 2What uses a focused beam of high-energy electrons to generate a variety of signals at the surface of solid specimens. For viewing the surface of the cell.Scanning Electron Microscope
- 3A electron microscope can magnify up to?40 thousand times
- 4What are the three parts of the cell?Cell membrane, Cytoplasm and Nucleus
- 5What are the three types of RNA?transfer RNA- tRNA
messenger RNA- mRNA
ribosomal RNA- rRNA - 6What is ribonucleic acid; single strand, ribose (sugar), and has 4 Nucleotide bases ACUG (Adenine, Cytsonie, Uracil, and Guanine)RNA
- 7What is deoxyribonucleic acid; double helix, dioxide-riboes, has 4 nucleotide bases ATGC Adenine (A) pair with (T) Guanine (G) pair with (C)DNA
- 8Where DNA is produced and it unwinds to make RNA?Nucleolus
- 9What are the functions of the three RNA's?Becomes part of ribsomal
What is read by the ribsomal
transfers amino acids - 10What takes place in the cell nucleus by taking one strand of DNA (was a double helix) unwinding the ribbon and from that ribbon make RNA.Transcription
- 11What is it when the RNA messenger, transfers and the ribsomal wiggle out through the pores of the nuclear membrane and get into the cytoplasm.Translation
- 12What are the two steps of protein synthesis?Transcription and Transcription
- 13What RNA is out of the cytoplasm has a large sub-unit and a small sub-unit; and when it fits together its functional?rRNA (ribosomal)
- 14What RNA is produced in the nucleus through the process of transcription; it has ATCG, it gets ran through the ribosomal, and read the code?mRNA (messenger)
- 15What RNA takes every three of the bases code for a particular amino acid; and moves the amino acids?tRNA transfer
- 16How many amino acids are in the body?20
- 17What is the difference between essential and non-essential amino acids?Some amino acids the body makes on its own and the others you have to get in your diet.
- 18Every three tRNA transfer base code is for a particular amino acid is called a?codon
(green, red, and etc...) - 19What matches up with each codon?anti-condo
- 20Hb-O2 blood carries oxygen from the respiratory organs (lungs or gills) to the rest of the body and collects the resultant carbon dioxide to bring it back to the respiratory organs to be dispensed from the organism; this is called?Reversible Affinity
- 21What are some proteins in your body?Muscle, Keratin, Hemoglobin, and Catalyses
- 22What is the function of an enzyme?catalyses (are enzymes) which are proteins are used to speed up chemical reaction.
- 23Where does transcription takes place?Nucleus
- 24Where does translation takes place?Cytoplasm
- 25How many cells are in the body?75 trillion
- 26How many types of cells are in the body?200
- 27What are the two major groups that the cells can be divided into?Somatic and Sex cells
- 28What are the sex cells?Oocytes and Sperm
- 29How many chromosomes does a sex cell have?23 chromosomes aka Haploid N#
- 30What are somatic cells?Hair, skin, and your liver cells and everything else.
- 31How many chromosomes does a somatic cell have?46 chromosomes aka Diploid 2N#
- 32How nucleus do most cell have?One
- 33What is lacking a cell nucleus?Anucleolate
- 34What is all of the material from the nuclear envelope in the nuclear membrane and from the nucleus itself?Cytoplasm
- 35What does organelle mean?Little organ (specific structure and specific function within a cell)
- 36What is the sum of all chemical reactions taking place in the body are called?Metabolism
- 37Most of the regulatory mechanizes in the body are?Negative feedback type
(maintaining homeostasis) - 38The liver,adrenal gland and leudig cells are locate in what endoplasmic reticulum?Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
- 39Pinocytosis vs. PhagocytosisA liquid being brought into the cell (it forms a sac) compared to the engulfing of other cells of solid particle
- 40What are cell membranes are made up of?Selectively permeable, a phospholipid bilayer and proteins about 50/50
- 41Most of the lipids are 80%?Phospholipid
- 42Proteins, lipids and carbohydrates are the bilipid layer of the?Plasma membrane
- 43The complex function of the bilipid layer serves as receptors, transducers of signals and also this?Adhesion Molecules
- 44What can imbalance in homeostasis can cause?Cell Injury and Cell Death
- 45What are the three Integration of Cell Functions?Autocrine stimulation (local)
Paracrine stimulation (local)
Endocrine stimulation (circulating) - 46What Integration of Cell Function secretions from the cell may attach to the cell's own surface receptors, providing autocrine stimulation; that does not get into the bloodstream?Autocrine stimulation (Local)
- 47What Integration of Cell Function closely adjacent cells act on each other the release of, mediators from cell and their uptake by another; and does not get into the bloodstream?Paracrine stimulation (Local)
- 48What Integration of Cell Function hormones secreted by endocrine cells reach target cells via the blood; it may involve cells in several anatomically distinct organs?Endocrine stimulation (Circulating)
- 49What is a state of stability or equilibrium between cells and fluids in the human body fluids?Homeostasis
- 50What might alter equilibrium between the cells and their environment?External stimuli
- 51The increased or decreased functional adaptations are?Reversible
- 52Once response passes beyond the point of no return, there are two area were damage is irreversible?Nucleus and the cell membrane
- 53What is determined by the reactivity of each cell and the ability of the cells to respond to increased demands or stimuli?Steady State
- 54There are three types of filaments that are classified by?Size
- 55What is a filament composed of actin and myosin and measuring 5nm in diameter?Microfilaments
- 56What is a filament named so because their diameter 10nm is made up of Epiththelial, Muscle and Nerve?Intermediate filaments
- 57What is a filament that are 22 nm thick and composed of tublin?Microtubules
(microvillin of the cell) - 58When mitochondia migrates to base of the cell to provide energy needed for?Active Transport
- 59What is the cell membrane is made of?Lipids, Proteins and Carbohydrates
- 60What percent of the cell membrane is made of phospholipids lipids?80%
- 61The phospholipid head is Hydrophilic it goes in and out of the cell and the tail stays inside the cell not touching the water which means?Hydrophobic
- 62What are the two types of protein?Integral and Peripheral
- 63What proteins can attach and detach of the surface of the cell membrane?Peripheral proteins
- 64Hormones and Cell ID markers are protein?Receptors; help link one cell to another
- 65What is tissue compatibility?Histocompatible
- 66Anaerobic and Aerobic are the two types of oxidizing reactions that take place in?Mitochondria cellular respiration
- 67Anaerobic vs. AerobicAnaerobic is without oxygen and aerobic involves oxygen.
- 68Is anaerobic or aerobic more efficient?Aerobic; has more ATP produced per each molecule.
- 69Reversible cell injury happens by that pH of the cell becomes acidic, slows down the entire cell metabolism; the consequent dilation and fragmentation of RER and the loss of membrane-attached ribosomes result in decreased protein synthesis, and swollen mitochondria reduced energy production; less efficient anaerobic glyoclysis that results in?Excessive production of lactic acid
- 70Increased Autophagy?Hydrolysis Lysosome
- 71What is surface modification, hair like, very uniform in structure, function is absorption, found in the intestinal tract; small intestines?Normal microvilli
- 72What are the structures that join adjacent cells together; spot weld?Desmosomes
- 73Where active transport comes from; powered by ATP, and mitochondria is there to produce a?Response
(voltage flow across the cell membrane) - 74The sodium pumps in the cell membrane; pumping sodium Na+/potassium K+ on the inside and the outside of the cell; with + and - ions on either side of the membrane determines the?Membrane potential
- 75Damage to the nucleus is either Dissolved, Fragmented or?Condensed
- 76Chromosomes are made in?Chromatin fibers
- 77What are low levels of oxygen to cells and tissues?Hypoxia
- 78What is oxygen deficiency; no oxygen available?Anoxia
- 79What is some major cause of hypoxia or anoxia?Interruption of oxygen supply
Inhibition of blood oxygenation in the lungs
Inadequate transport of oxygen in circulation
Inhibition of cellular respiration - 80In hypoxia and anoxia the Respiratory and Vascular systems have to work together, if either system fails the person will die due to?Cellular damage
- 81What are the oxygen radicals that can cause cell injury in a myocardial infarction hydrogen peroxide and?Superoxide
- 82Swollen microvilli are the the consequence of an influx of water in the?Cytoplasm
- 83Invagination of the cell membrane gives rise to fluid-filled cytoplasmic vacuoles that account, in part, for the change known as?Vascular degeneration
- 84Vascular degeneration is the swelling of mitochondria and dilated of the?Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
- 85Lose contact with adjacent cells at the site of cell-to-cell junctions, such as desmosomes?Swollen cells
- 86How many miles of blood vessels do you have in the body?60 thousand miles
- 87What is the blood supply to a tissue?Postperfusion
- 88When establish blood flood to tissue has already been damaged and more will form to create additional damage this is known as?Free Radicals
- 89Inactivate cytoplasmic enzymes are heavy metals like mercury are what kind of toxins?Direct toxins
- 90On ingestion it is metabolized to Carbon Tetrachloride which acts as a toxin free radical, damaging cell membranes.Carbon tricholoride
- 91What can cause the disease process?Pathogens
- 92What pathogens that creates toxic materials; will injury the cell?Bacteria
- 93What pathogens go into the cell and take over the machinery of the cell?Virus
- 94What is wasting away?Atrophy
- 95What is an enlargement in an organ or body part caused by an increase in cell size?Hypertrophy
- 96What is the end result of activation complement system?Enhanced phagocytosis; binding of bacteria
Basil dilation; enhances inflammation
Cell lysis; perforated the cell membrane - 97What is an enlargement of an organ as a result of an increased number of cells?Hyperplasia
- 98What are mediators of inflammation that come from phospholipids?Arachidonic Acid
(two forms Leukotrienes and Prostaglandins) - 99What is a change of one cell type to another?Metaplasia
- 100What form of arachidonic acid increases permeability of a blood vessel?Luekotrienes
(ex. bronchial spasms) - 101What is programmed cell death?Apoptosis
- 102What form of arachidonic acid bring about basil dilation increases permeability of a blood vessel, pain and fever?Prostaglandins
- 103What is an accumulation of residual bodies eventually the White Blood Cells will die?Intracellular accumulations
- 104What are the 5 groups of White Blood Cells; that have single nucleus' with multiple lobe?Neutrophils
Eosinophil
Basophil
Lymphocytes
Monocytes - 105What is the "brains" of the cell' containing the genetics material and thus controlling the major functions of each cell?Nucleus
- 106What type of white blood cell turns on inflammation in bloodstream and turns into mast cells when they leave the bloodstream; histamine is the granules; causes basil dilation and increases permeability?Basophil
(5-10% of WBC) - 107What is the Morphological changes in tissue caused by cell death?Necrosis
- 108What type of White blood cell is a granular leukocytes part of the B and T cells, live for decades; involved in the immune response of the body and can leave the bloodstream and keep functioning?Lymphocytes
(25% of WBC) - 109What is abnormal growth of cell or organ?Dysplasia
- 110What white blood cells are the most abundant type of white blood cells, first to arrive at infection site?Neutrophils
(70% of WBC) - 111What is an an iron-rich pigment that is a product of red cell hemolysis.?Hemosiderosis
- 112What white blood cell is a granular leukocytes when they leave the bloodstream become macrocytes that eat up the dead bacteria and neutrophils; high phagocytic?Monocytes
(3-8% of WBC) - 113Shat is an accumulation of inhaled coal particle in the lungs?Anthracosis
- 114What white blood cell turns off inflammation; phagocytic, eats up parasite worms and antigen antibody agad complex?Eosinophil
(2-4% of WBC) - 115What is a form of death of tissue, usually caused by loss of blood supply, bacterial invasion, and subsequent putrefaction?Gangrene
- 116What is leakage of fluid from the vessels into the interstitial spaces?Transudate
- 117What is deposition of calcium salts in tissue?Calcification
- 118What is abnormal accumulation of fluid in tissues of body cavities?Edema
- 119What is apoptosis in the fetal limb bud; during developmental anomaly characterized by the fusion of the fingers or toes?Syndactyly
- 120You know the age of the neutrophils the greater number of?Lobes
- 121What is movement of inflammatory cells toward a chemical attractant?Chemotaxis
- 122What is the movement or passage of blood cells, especially red blood cells, through intact capillary walls?Diapedesis
- 123What is a hardening of tissues secondary to deposition of collagen; excessive fibrosis may cause scarring?Fibrosis
- 124Anything foreign that enters the body?Antigen
- 125What is a mononuclear small white blood cells involved in the immune response of the bodyLymphocytes
- 126This cell comes from the B lymphocytes?Plasma cells
- 127What is a type of cell division that occurs in somatic cells and results in the formation of two genetically identical daughter cells?Mitosis
- 128Who are highly mobile and are therefore the 1st to reach the site of inflammation in response to chemotactic substance?Polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN)
- 129What is a "Cell Eating";the taking in of solid particles into a cell that is later destroyed by the cell?Phagocytosis
- 130Polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) produces what type of scavenger cells?Phagocytosis
- 131What is a very small blood cell derived from the fragmented cytoplasm of megakaryocytes in the bone marrow; and participate in coagulation, wound healing, and inflammation?Platelets
- 132What are the largest of the cells and are horseshoe shaped nucleus, highly acidic, in chronic infections, killing bacteria and secreting cytokines?Macrophages
- 133What is a white blood cell, it is also called a neutrophil?Polymorphonuclear leukocytes
- 134Are fragments of cells that come from a megakaryocyte in the bone marrow; do not have a nucleus, part of the clotting process, increase to the permeability of the blood vessels?Platelets
- 135What is derived from arachidonic acid through the cyclooxygenase pathway, that mediate inflammation, smooth muscle cell contraction or relaxation, and vascular permeability?Prostaglandins
- 136What can make up to 3,000 platelets?Megakaryocyte
- 137What is a yellow inflammatory discharge (exudate) composed of viable as well as dead and dying neutrophils?Pus
- 138What type of inflammation has a sudden onset and lasts from a few hours to a few days?Acute inflammation
- 139What is a scar that extends beyond the original borders of the injury; hyperplasia scar?Keloids
- 140What type inflammation last for years, prolong healing of an acute inflammation or a foreign body present?Chronic inflammation
- 141What are the cardinal signs of inflammation?(calor) heat
(rubo) redness
(tumor) swelling
(dolor) pain aka itching
loss of function discovered by Rudolf Virchow - 142What are the causes of inflammation?Infectious pathogen, bacteria, viral, fungal, physical change, chemical, immune response.
- 143What is alcohol that has a high caloric content and serves as a substrate for new fat for fat formation in liver cells known as?Neolipogensis
- 144What is the mildest form of inflammation; exudation of serum, typically in a viral infection and very few cells are involved?Serous Inflammation
- 145When the storage of fat in the liver becomes overload due to diet what is this known as?Lipid Acculturation
- 146What is fluid-filled, membrane-surrounded cavities inside a cell; membrane-bounded structures in the cytoplasm that may contain enzymes?Vacuole
- 147What is the functional part of organs and glands?Parenchyma
- 148What is a membranous sac that contains digestive enzymes and hydrolytic acids pH 4; take in a bacteria and will destroy the bacteria?Lysosome or Peroxisome
- 149What is the cytoskeleton; the framework of a organ and gland?Stroma
(reticular fibers-tough) - 150What are small granules composed of RNA and are also involved in protein synthesis?Ribosomes
- 151What includes many complex adaptions and, unfortunately, many cellular events that are irreversible?Aging
- 152What is a thin semi-permeable membrane that surrounds the cytoplasm of a cell, enclosing its contents; function is to protect the integrity of the interior of the cell by allowing certain substances into the cell, while keeping other substances out, composed of proteins and lipids?Cell Membrane
- 153What are the two major hypotheses as an explanation on aging?Wear-and-tear hypothesis
Genetic hypothesis - 154What is the finishing factory. Proteins coming from the RER sent to the golgi not completed yet; need to be sorted or packaged.Golgi Body with Vesicles
- 155What is an enlargement of the cell cytoplasm caused by an influx of water after reversible cell injury?Hydropic Change
- 156What is a mechanism by which cells ingest extracellular fluid and its contents; it involves the formation of invaginations by the cell membrane, which close and break off to form fluid-filled vacuoles in the cytoplasm?Pinocytotic Vesicle Formation
- 157What is the bodies results from dysfunction at the cellular level; organs composed of cells that cannot regenerate, such as the brain and heart?Wear-and-tear hypothesis
- 158Where lipid and carbohydrate production, calcium storage, and is a detox center?Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
- 159What is aging is a genetically predetermined process; hormonal, immune, and neural theories blame all the calamities of aging on the dysfunction of these integrative processes?Genetic hypothesis
- 160What is a short cylindrical array of nine triplet microtubules that produce flagellate cells?Centrioles
- 161What is the cessation of life as indicated by the absence of all vital functions, most notably loss of brain activity (brain death)?Death
- 162What is an area involved in the development of microtubules (aka microtubule organizing center) that are necessary for cell movements, e.g. the mitotic spindle.?Centrosomal area
- 163What is a bacterial infection of coagulated tissue?Wet gangrene
- 164What is the powerhouse of the cell, double membrane enclosed organelle rich in oxidative enzyme's, major role is to produce ATP (adenosine triphosphate); sources for the synthesis of ATP are fatty acids and glucose?Mitochondrion
- 165What are the pathogens of inflammation?Changes in circulation of blood
Changes in vessel wall permeability
A white blood cell response
The release of soluble mediators - 166What is the double membrane that has a lot of pores?Outer Membrane of Nuclear Envelope
(Nuclear Membrane) - 167Where White Blood Cells become sticky, adhering to the endothelial cells lining the capillaries and particularly those of the post-capillary venules?Pavementing
- 168What is the opening in the nuclear envelope that allow for communication between the nucleus and the cytoplasm?Nuclear Pores
- 169What is vascular wall changes?The permeability of the vessel wall of capillaries and post capillary venules changes in response to inflammation.
- 170What is a specialized organelle composed primarily of RNA's; site in the nucleus where ribosomes are synthesized?Nucleolus
- 171What are the changes of the vascular wall?Increase pressure inside the congested blood vessel.
Slowing of the circulation, which reduces the supple of oxygen and nutrients to endothelial cells.
Adhesion of leukocytes.
Release of soluble mediators of inflammation from inflammatory cells, platelets, endothelial cells, and plasma. - 172What is a rod-shaped structure, usually found in pairs in a cell nucleus, which carries the genes that determine sex and the characteristics an organism, inherits from its parents?Chromosome
- 173What is a potent basil dilator that increases the permeability of the blood vessels; that is released by platelets and mast cells and that mediates inflammation in type I hypersensitivity reactions?Histamine
- 174What is a double membrane layer that surrounds the cell. It is dotted with thousands of nuclear pores which allows material to move into and out of the nucleus. The nucleus can send a stream of RNA and other info-carrying molecules to the rest of the cell through nuclear pores?Inner Membrane of Nuclear Envelope
- 175What is internal and external round orifice in bands of smooth muscle in a circular arrangement?Sphincter
- 176What is the brains of the cell, directs all cellular activity, where all the nuclear proteins are contained, DNA of the nucleus contains essential genetic material, chromosomes of cells, traits, DNA is transcribed into the nuclear RNA?Nucleus
- 177What is relaxation of the pre-capillary sphincter in the arterioles results in flooding of the capillary network and dilation of capillaries and post-capillary?Venules
(where redness and heat comes from) - 178What has ribosomes attached to the outside; production of proteins?Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
- 179What is the blood flow in dilated capillaries and venules is slow, the distribution of the cellular elements of the blood; the white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets changes in the bloodstream known as?Congestion
- 180What in specialized, highly differentiated cells, such as liver of kidney cells; the ratio of the nucleus to the cytoplasm, (nucloecytoplasmic N.C.) is much lower in differentiated cells of adult tissues?Cytoplasm with Organelle
- 181What is the connected tissue cell derived from circulating basophils?Mast cells
- 182What are the building blocks of protein?Amino Acid
- 183What mediator is 1st to release quickly, responsible for inflammation, leaks out into the interstitial spaces and last about 30 minutes?Histamine
(the initial redness and swelling) - 184What is caused by factors inside the organism or system?Endogenous
- 185What mediator is a plasma protein that is slower than histamine it amplifies the inflammatory reaction and induces pain, is a vasoactive peptide formed during inflammation by the enzyme kallikrein?Bradykinn
- 186What is caused by factors (as food or a traumatic factor) or an agent (as a disease-producing organism) from outside the organism or system?Exdogenous
- 187Is Fibrin soluble or insoluble?Insoluble
- 188What is one of a large group of low-molecular-weight proteins secreted most prominently by leukocytes and macrophages during inflammation and immune reactions?Cytokines
- 189Plasma proteins are produced by the?Liver
- 190What is a systemic infection in which bacteria gain access to the blood, where they grow and secrete their toxins; also known as bacteremia or septicemia?Sepsis
- 191What are the two complement activation pathways?Classical Pathway
Alternative Pathway - 192What is a localized collection of pus?Abscess
- 193What complement is activated by antigen-antibody?Classical Pathway
- 194What is the presence of bacteria in the blood; also known as septicemia?Bacteremia
- 195What complement is activated by bacterial endotoxins, fungi, something inside the blood vessel?Alternative Pathway
- 196What is a collective term for a group of mostly fibrous structural proteins found in connective tissues?Collagen
- 197What is a group of serum proteins that mediate inflammation and coagulation and amplify immune reactions?Complement
- 198What is a collection of pus in a body cavity, as in the pleural cavity?Eypyema
- 199What is an elevation of body temperature above the normal (37° C)?Fever
- 200What is a connective tissue cell that synthesizes collagen?Fibroblasts
- 201What is an abnormal channel, caused by inflammation or tumor, that connects two hollow organs?Fisula
- 202What is an excess of blood in part of the body caused by increased blood flow?Hyperemia
- 203What is the premature "bursting" open of a wound along a surgical suture?Wound dehiscence
- 204What is a cell vacuole formed from lysosomes and involved in phagocytosis of particulate material?Heterphagosomes
- 205What is an intracytoplasmic vacuole containing elements of a cell's own cytoplasm?Autophagosomes
- 206What is the a brown pigment composed of oxidized fats that accumulate in the autophagosomes of aging and chronically damaged cell?Lipofusion
- 207What is the the semi-liquid portion of the cytoplasm that surrounds the cell organelles?Hyaloplasm
- 208What is the the filamentous part of the cytoplasm comprising microfilaments, microtubules, and intermediate filaments?Cytoskeleton