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GCSE Population Dynamics
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- 1Age-Dependency RatioThe ratio of persons in the ages defined as dependent (under 15 years and over 64 years) to persons in the ages defined as economically productive (15-64 years) in a population.
- 2Age-Sex StructureThe composition of a population as determined by the number or proportion of males and females in each age category. See also population pyramid.
- 3Ageing of PopulationA process in which the proportions of adults and elderly increase in a population, while the proportions of children and adolescents decrease. This process results in a rise in the median age of the population. Ageing occurs when fertility rates decline while life expectancy remains constant or improves at the older ages.
- 4Antinatalist PolicyThe policy of a government, society, or social group to slow population growth by attempting to limit the number of births.
- 5Baby BoomA dramatic increase in fertility rates and in the absolute number of births in the United States, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand during the period following World War II (1947-1961).
- 6Birth ControlPractices employed by couples that permit sexual intercourse with reduced likelihood of conception and birth. The term birth control is often used synonymously with such terms as contraception, fertility control, and family planning. But birth control includes abortion to prevent a birth, whereas family planning methods explicitly do not include abortion.
- 7Birth Rate (or crude birth rate)The number of live births per 1,000 population in a given year. Not to be confused with the growth rate.
- 8Brain DrainThe emigration of a significant proportion of a country's highly skilled, highly educated professional population, usually to other countries offering better economic and social opportunity (for example, physicians leaving a developing country to practice medicine in a developed country).
- 9Carrying CapacityThe maximum sustainable size of a resident population in a given ecosystem.
- 10CensusA canvass of a given area, resulting in an enumeration of the entire population and often the compilation of other demographic, social, and economic information pertaining to that population at a specific time. See also survey.
- 11Childbearing YearsThe reproductive age span of women, assumed for statistical purposes to be 15-44 or 15-49 years of age.
- 12Death Rate (or crude death rate)The number of deaths per 1,000 population in a given year.
- 13Demographic TransitionThe historical shift of birth and death rates from high to low levels in a population. The decline of mortality usually precedes the decline in fertility, thus resulting in rapid population growth during the transition period.
- 14DemographyThe scientific study of human populations, including their sizes, compositions, distributions, densities, growth, and other characteristics, as well as the causes and consequences of changes in these factors.
- 15Dependency RatioThe ratio of the economically dependent part of the population to the productive part; arbitrarily defined as the ratio of the elderly (ages 65 and older) plus the young (under age 15) to the population in the working ages (ages 15-64).
- 16DepopulationThe state of population decline.
- 17Economic InfrastructureEconomic infrastructure includes the internal facilities of a country that make business and financial activity possible, such as communication, transportation, and distribution networks; financial institutions and markets; and energy supply systems.
- 18EmigrationThe process of leaving one country to take up permanent or semipermanent residence in another.
- 19Family PlanningFamily planning connotes conception control to avoid pregnancy and abortion, but it also includes efforts of couples to induce pregnancy.
- 20GenderGender is a sociocultural expression of particular characteristics and roles that are associated with certain groups of people with reference to their sex and sexuality.
- 21Gender EqualityGender Equality is the state or condition that affords women and men equal enjoyment of human rights, socially valued goods, opportunities, and resources.
- 22Growth RateThe number of people added to (or subtracted from) a population in a year due to natural increase and net migration expressed as a percentage of the population at the beginning of the time period.
- 23ImmigrationThe process of entering one country from another to take up permanent or semipermanent residence.
- 24Infant Mortality RateThe number of deaths of infants under age 1 per 1,000 live births in a given year.
- 25Least Developed CountriesFollowing United Nations' definitions, the term "least developed countries" includes 50 countries: Afghanistan, Angola, Bangladesh, Benin, Bhutan, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cambodia, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Djibouti, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gambia, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Haiti, Kiribati, Laos, Lesotho, Liberia, Madagascar, Malawi, Maldives, Mali, Mauritania, Mozambique, Myanmar, Nepal, Niger, Rwanda, Samoa, São Tomé and Príncipe, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Solomon Islands, Somalia, Sudan, Tanzania, Timor-Leste, Togo, Tuvalu, Uganda, Vanuatu, Yemen, and Zambia. These countries are also "less developed" in United Nations' terminology.
- 26Less Developed CountriesFollowing United Nations' definitions, the term "less developed countries" (or regions) refers to countries in Africa, Asia (except Japan), Latin America and the Caribbean, and Oceania (except Australia and New Zealand).
- 27Life ExpectancyThe average number of additional years a person could expect to live if current mortality trends were to continue for the rest of that person's life. Most commonly cited as life expectancy at birth.
- 28Malthus, Thomas R. (1766-1834)English clergyman and economist famous for his theory (expounded in the 'Essay on the Principle of Population') that the world's population tends to increase faster than the food supply and that unless fertility is controlled (by late marriage or celibacy), famine, disease, and war must serve as natural population restrictions. See neo-Malthusian.
- 29More Developed CountriesFollowing United Nations' definitions, "more developed countries," or industrialised countries (or regions), include Europe (including all of Russia), the United States, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and Japan.
- 30MigrationThe movement of people across a specified boundary for the purpose of establishing a new or semipermanent residence. Divided into international migration (migration between countries) and internal migration (migration within a country).
- 31MENA CountriesThe Middle East and North Africa (MENA) is an economically diverse region that includes both the oil-rich economies in the Gulf and countries that are resource-scarce in relation to population. The region's economic fortunes over much of the past quarter century have been heavily influenced by two factors: the price of oil and the legacy of economic policies and structures that had emphasised a leading role for the state. The MENA region includes: Algeria, Bahrain, Djibouti, Egypt, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Malta, Morocco. Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Tunisia, United Arab Emirates, West Bank and Gaza, and Yemen.
- 32MortalityDeaths as a component of population change.
- 33Natural Increase (or Decrease)The surplus (or deficit) of births over deaths in a population in a given time period.
- 34Ageing PopulationA population with a relatively high proportion of middle-age and elderly persons, a high median age, and thus a lower growth potential.
- 35PopulationA group of objects or organisms of the same kind.
- 36Population ControlA broad concept that addresses the relationship between fertility, mortality, and migration, but is most commonly used to refer to efforts to slow population growth through action to lower fertility. It should not be confused with family planning. See also family planning.
- 37Population DensityPopulation per unit of land area; for example, people per square mile or people per square kilometre of arable land.
- 38Population DistributionThe patterns of settlement and dispersal of a population.
- 39"Population Explosion" (or "Population Bomb")Expressions used to describe the 20th century worldwide trend of rapid population growth, resulting from a world birth rate much higher than the world death rate.
- 40Population IncreaseThe total population increase resulting from the interaction of births, deaths, and migration in a population in a given period of time.
- 41Population MomentumWhen population growth continues even though birth rates have decreased due to a high concentration of people in the childbearing years.
- 42Population Policywhat a government does to influence population size, growth, distribution, or composition.
- 43Population Projectionprediction of future changes in population numbers, given certain assumptions about future trends in the rates of fertility, mortality, and migration.
- 44Population PyramidA bar chart, arranged vertically, that shows the distribution of a population by age and sex. By convention, the younger ages are at the bottom, with males on the left and females on the right.
- 45Pronatalist PolicyThe policy of a government, society, or social group to increase population growth by attempting to raise the number of births.
- 46"Push-Pull"Hypothesis A migration theory that suggests that circumstances at the place of origin (such as poverty and unemployment) repel or push people out of that place to other places that exert a positive attraction or pull (such as a high standard of living or job opportunities).
- 47Replacement–LevelFertility The level of fertility at which a couple has only enough children to replace themselves, or about two children per couple.
- 48Reproductive AgeSee childbearing years.
- 49Stable PopulationA population with an unchanging rate of growth and an unchanging age composition as a result of age-specific birth and death rates that have remained constant over a sufficient period of time.
- 50SurveyA canvass of selected persons or households in a population usually used to infer demographic characteristics or trends for a larger segment or all of the population. See also census.
- 51UrbanTypically, a community or settlement with a population of 2,000 or more is considered urban.
- 52UrbanizationGrowth in the proportion of a population living in urban areas.
- 53Youthful PopulationA population with a relatively high proportion of children, adolescents, and young adults; a low median age; and thus a high growth potential.
- 54Zero Population GrowthA population in equilibrium, with a growth rate of zero, achieved when births plus immigration equal deaths plus emigration.
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- Descripción
- GCSE Geography - Dynamic Populations terminology
- Creado por
- Daniel Evans
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