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AP Psychology Vocabulary Flashcards
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- 1modethe most frequently occurring score
- 2normal distributionforms a bell shaped or symmetrical curve ( upside down U)
- 3standard deviationshows how far scores vary from the mean (average) score
- 4medianthe middle score; score that divides a frequency distribution exactly in half; so that the same number of the scores lie on each side of it
- 5random assignmentassigning participants to experimental and control groups by chance
- 6dependent variablewhat is being measured in an experiment ; the research variable that " depends" on the independent variable
- 7zero correlationindicates that there is no relationship between two (2) variables ex. hat size and shoe size
- 8correlation coefficienta number value that indicates the strength and direction of the relationship between two variables
- 9longitudinal studystudies a single individual or a group over an extended period of time. provide in depth information but can be expensive and time consuming
- 10positive correlation+1.00 ( closest to it); means 2 variables move in the same direction. Ex. positive relationship between smoking and lung cancer
- 11negative correlation-1.00 ( closest to it); means two variables move in opposite directions
- 12cross- sectional studycompares individuals at various ages at one point in time. ( one and done)
- 13operational definitionsstatement of your procedures; identifies the IV & DV, sampling and assignment
- 14meanthe average; sum of a set of scores divided by the number of scores
- 15ethical principles for animal research1.) research must have a clear, scientific purpose; 2.) provide humane living conditions for animals; 3.) legally obtain animals; 4.) least amount of suffering
- 16random assignmentdivision of the sample in an experiment into groups so that every individual has an equal chance of being put in any group or conditions. It is not possible for studies dealing with differences between sexes and age groups.
- 17populationall of the individuals in the group to which the theory applies. A sample is a subgroup of the population that participates in the study.
- 18random selectionchoosing of members of a population so that every individual has an equal chance of being chosen for a sample
- 19reliabilityconsistency or repeat ability of results. split halves reliability compares scores on one half to the other half. test retest reliability compares scores on the same test taken at different times. interrater reliability compares scores by different scorers of the same test.
- 20quantitative datainformation can be reported as numbers for ease of handling. nominal scale uses numbers to name something, can be used to count cases. ordinal scale can be ranked, ordered. numbers can not be averaged.
- 21surveysdescriptive method; uses questions or interviews
- 22researcher biastendency for researchers to look for evidence that supports their hypothesis and ignore contradictory evidence
- 23participant biastendency for research participants to respond in a certain way because they know they are being observed
- 24correlational studiesresearchers observe or measure a relationship between variables
- 25placebophysical or physiological treatment given to the control group that resembles the treatment given to the experimental group, but contains no active ingredients. placebo effect- response to belief that the IV will have an effect, rather than the actual effect of the IV.
- 26quasi- experimentmeasurement of DV ( dependent variable) when random assignment to groups of a randomly selected sample is not possible. often applies to studies involving sex or age of participants. can suggest cause and effect.
- 27skewed distributiondistribution with most scores squeezed to one end, few scores stretch out like a tail. negatively skewed- skewed to the left. positively skewed- skewed to the right. mean pulled in direction of tail away from the median; median measures centraility best.
- 28case studiesresearch technique in which one person is studied in depth in hope of revealing universal experiments Ex, Phineas Gage.
- 2968-95-99.7 rulemeans 68% of all scores fall within one standard deviation of the mean ( average) ; approx. 95% of all scores fall within two standard deviations of the mean; 99.7 % of all scores fall within three standard deviations of the mean.
- 30central tendencydescribes average of a distribution, median is the middle score when data is ordered by size. mean is arithmetic average of scores. mode is frequent score, bimodal distribution has 2 most frequent scores, multimodal distribution has 3 or more
- 31confounding variablesfactors that cause differences between the experimental group and the control group other than the independent variable. example; experimenter bias ( also called expectancy effect ) - occurs when a researchers expectations about the outcome of a study influence the results
- 32descriptive statisticsnumbers that summarize a set of research data from a sample. can be pictured as histogram or frequency polygon.
- 33ethical guidelines for human research1. ) informed consent; 2.) voluntary participation; 3.) debriefing; 4.) confidentiality
- 34experimentresearch method that involves manipulation of an independent variable (IV) under controlled conditions and measurement of its effect on a dependent variable (DV). only method that can establish cause and effect between IV and DV
- 35experimental groupgroup that you experimenting on; recieves the independent variable (IV)
- 36hypothesisprediction of how 2 or more factors are likely to be related . can be phrased as ''if''... ''then''..., statement . often called an educated guess. an experiment tests a hypothesis.
- 37inferential statisticsstatistics used to interpret data and draw conclusions; uses rules to evaluate probability that a correlation or difference between groups reflects a real relationship, not just chance (p) is the measure of real difference , p< .05 or p<.01 needed
- 38naturalsitic observationsobserving and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation
- 39normal distributionrepresented by a normal curve ( upside down u shape)- symmetric with mean, mode, and median the same score; 2 sides are mirror images; represents data about how human traits are distributed through population, examples,SAT,IQ
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