Fichas
AQA GCSE Chemistry - C1
Fichas del conjunto (105)
- 1What are the names of the three sub-atomic particles found in an atom?Protons, neutrons and electrons.
- 2What is the relative charge of a proton?1+
- 3What is the relative charge of an electron?1-
- 4What is the relative charge of a neutron?No charge (neutral)
- 5Which sub-atomic particle(s) make(s) up the nucleus and which orbit(s) the nucleus?Protons and neutrons are found in the nucleus, electrons orbit around the nucleus.
- 6What is the definition of an isotope?Each of two or more forms of the same element that contain equal numbers of protons and electrons but different numbers of neutrons in their nuclei.
- 7What is the name of Group 1 on the Periodic Table?Alkali Metals.
- 8What is the name of Group 2 on the Periodic Table?Alkaline Earth Metals.
- 9What is the name of the section between Groups 2 and 3 on the Periodic Table?Transition Metals.
- 10What is the name of Group 7 on the Periodic Table?Halogens.
- 11What is the name of Group 8 on the Periodic Table?Noble Gases.
- 12What can an element's group show about its properties?The number of electrons on its outer shell.
- 13What can an element's period show about its properties?The number of shells or energy levels it has.
- 14What is the word equation for thermal decomposition of calcium carbonate?Calcium carbonate --> calcium oxide + carbon dioxide
- 15What product is formed when calcium oxide is reacted with water?Calcium hydroxide.
- 16what is added to calcium hydroxide to form limewater?Water.
- 17What is the word equation for reacting limewater with carbon dioxide?Carbon hydroxide solution + carbon dioxide -->
calcium carbonate + water - 18What is the definition of an ore?A rock containing a metal or metal compound containing enough of the metal to make it economical to extract it.
- 19What can be said about an element that is found most often in its native form?They are very unreactive.
- 20What is the name of a reaction where carbon is used to extract a pure metal from its oxide?Displacement.
- 21Name the method that can be used to extract metals more reactive than carbon.Electrolysis.
- 22Where is cast iron produced?In a blast furnace.
- 23What is an alloy?A metal compound made by combining two or more metallic (or non-metal) elements.
- 24What is stainless steel used to make?Cutlery, chemical reaction vessels, surgical instruments.
- 25What properties does aluminium have?Low density and good heat/electricity conductor.
- 26What makes aluminium more corrosion-resistant?The thin layer of aluminium oxide that forms on the surface of aluminium.
- 27What is made using aluminium/aluminium alloys?Drinks cans, cooking foil, high voltage electricity cables, aeroplanes, rockets, bicycles, saucepans.
- 28What is the main process used to extract aluminium from its ore?Electrolysis.
- 29What are some of the disadvantages of using this method?It is expensive, uses up lots of energy and contributes to global warming.
- 30What properties makes titanium suitable for use in high-performance aircraft?Its combined strength and relative low density.
- 31What properties makes titanium suitable for use in parts of jet engines?It has a very high melting point and keeps its strength at high temperatures.
- 32What has to be done to titanium ore before it can be displaced with sodium or magnesium?Titanium oxide has to be reacted with chlorine to make titanium chloride.
- 33How is the sodium/magnesium produced to react with titanium?Electrolysis.
- 34How is copper extracted from its ore by smelting?The ore is heated in air to produce crude copper, then this is used as a positive electrode in electrolysis to produce pure copper.
- 35Name two methods used to extract copper from low grade ores.Phytomining and Bioleaching.
- 36What is involved in the process of phytomining?Plants absorb copper ions from the soil as they grow, the plants are burned and the copper is "leached" by adding sulphuric acid, electrolysis with scrap iron is used to extract the pure copper.
- 37What is involved in the process of bioleaching?Bacteria feed on low grade copper ores, a solution of copper ions is produced, the pure copper is extracted by electrolysis with scrap iron.
- 38What are some useful properties of transition metals?Good conductors of heat/electricity, strong, malleable and ductile.
- 39Name some useful properties of copper and items it is used to make because of its properties.Malleable but hard, good conductor of energy, does not react with water. Used to make pipes that carry water or wires that conduct electricity.
- 40What was the first alloy to be made by humans and what does it consist of?Bronze: a mix of copper and tin.
- 41What is the alloy brass made of and what is it used to make?Copper and zinc, used to make musical instruments.
- 42Why is gold more useful as an alloy than pure?When pure, it is very soft and wears away very easily.
- 43What is the definition of a hydrocarbon?A compound containing hydrogen and carbon only.
- 44Which series of hydrocarbons is crude oil mostly made up of?Alkanes.
- 45What is the general formula for any alkane?C(n)H(2n+2)
- 46What is the name of the process used to separate crude oil into sections?Fractional distillation.
- 47What are the names of the first six alkanes?Methane, Ethane, Propane, Butane, Pentane, Hexane.
- 48All alkanes are "saturated". What does this mean in terms of an alkane's chemical structure?They contain as many hydrogen atoms as they can hold and as a result the compound is made with only single bonds.
- 49What is the relationship between the length of a compound's carbon chain and its boiling point?The shorter the carbon chain the lower the boiling point is, or the longer the carbon chain the higher the boiling point is.
- 50What is the relationship between the length of a compound's carbon chain and its viscosity?The shorter the carbon chain the less viscous it is, or the longer the carbon chain the more viscous it is.
- 51What is the relationship between the length of a compound's carbon chain and its flammability?The shorter the carbon chain the cleaner the flame is, or the longer the carbon chain is the dirtier the flame is.
- 52What is the most common use for compounds in the top fraction?Fuels.
- 53What two products are made when hydrocarbons are burned in air?Carbon dioxide and water.
- 54What are two greenhouse gases often produced from burning fuels?Carbon dioxide and sulphur dioxide.
- 55What products can be formed when incomplete combustion of a fuel takes place?Carbon monoxide, nitrous oxides, particulates (carbon).
- 56What problem is caused by the trapping of particulates in the upper atmosphere?Global dimming.
- 57What can car exhausts be fitted with to remove harmful substances from the gases produced when burning fuels?A Catalytic converter.
- 58State the word equation for the reaction of carbon monoxide with nitrogen oxides in a catalytic convertor.Carbon monoxide + nitrogen oxides -->
carbon dioxide + nitrogen - 59What is an example of a biofuel and what it is made of?Bio-diesel: Made from plant oils. Bio-gas: Gas generated from animal waste.
- 60What are some of the advantages of using bio-diesel?Breaks down faster if there is a spill, burns much more cleanly, as crude oil runs out it will become cheaper than petrol, production is carbon neutral, useful by-products like glycerine made.
- 61What are some of the disadvantages of using bio-diesel?Lots of land that could be used for food is used up, habitats of endangered species could be destroyed, it can gum up engines if it gets too cold.
- 62What crops can be used to produce ethanol for fuel?Sugar cane or sugar beet.
- 63What is the name of the process that breaks down hydrocarbon molecules into smaller compounds?Cracking.
- 64What is the name of the family of hydrocarbons that contain one double bond?Alkenes.
- 65What is the general formula for any alkene?C(n) H(2n)
- 66What are the names of the first six alkenes?Ethene, Propene, Butene, Pentene, Hexene, Heptene
- 67What are the conditions required for cracking?High temperature, catalyst/steam.
- 68Describe the test used to determine (un)saturation.Add bromine water - if the solution turns colourless then the compound is unsaturated, if there is no change then the compound is saturated.
- 69What are polymers?A compound made up of a large number of similar molecules bonded together.
- 70What is the name for the small molecules that make up polymers?Monomers.
- 71Describe the process of polymerisation of any alkene.The double bond in each alkene molecule is broken or "opened up" and replaced by single bonds as all of the molecules join together.
- 72What is the name of the polymer made using the alkene ethene?Polyethylene, poly(ethene) or polythene.
- 73What is the name of the polymer made using the alkene propene?Polypropylene or poly(propene).
- 74What can polymers be used to make?Plastic bags/bottles/, dustbins, cling-film, carpets, milk crates, ropes.
- 75What is meant by a "designer polymer"?A polymer that has been scientifically engineered with specific properties to do a particular job.
- 76What does a smart polymer do?A polymer that changes in response to the different environments around it.
- 77Give the name of a shape-memory polymer that is used in dental practise and what exactly it is used in.Nitinol (made of nickel and titanium) is used in braces to straighten the shape of teeth as it warms up in the mouth.
- 78What is the definition of a biodegradable plastic?A plastic that can be broken down by micro-organisms and will therefore rot in soil when put into landfill.
- 79What organic compound series (homologous series) is ethanol part of?Alcohols.
- 80What are the different ways of writing the chemical formula of ethanol?C2H5OH, C2H6O, CH3CH2OH
- 81How is ethanol produced by fermentation?Glucose (+yeast) --> ethanol + carbon dioxide
- 82How is ethanol produced by hydration?ethene + steam --:> ethanol
- 83What is the name of the method used to extract plant oils using steam?Distillation.
- 84Why is oil often used in cooking food in terms of boiling point?Vegetable oils have a much higher boiling point than water, so the food can be cooked more quickly.
- 85What conditions are needed to harden vegetable oils?60 degrees Celsius, nickel catalyst, reacted with hydrogen gas.
- 86What does hydrogenation do to the chemical structure of vegetable oils?It breaks the double bonds so the compound is made of only single bonds.
- 87What does hydrogenation do to the physical properties of vegetable oils?It increases the boiling and melting points of them, meaning they are solid at room temperature.
- 88What is an emulsion?An even dispersion of small droplets of a substance spread through another liquid (and the first substance does not dissolve)
- 89What does an emulsifier do?Emulsifiers stop (e.g.) oil and water from separating into layers - making sure the oil droplets are dispersed evenly through the water.
- 90Give two examples of products that are/contain an emulsion.Ice cream, mayonnaise, cosmetics, emulsion paint.
- 91What are the main properties of the head and tail of an emulsifier molecule?The tail is hydrophobic (water-hating) and the head is hydrophobic (water-loving).
- 92If someone consumes vegetable fats rather than animal fats, which of their organs would benefit the most?The heart.
- 93Name a vitamin that comes from olive oil.Vitamin E.
- 94Name the five layers of the earth from the centre outwards.Inner core, outer core, mantle, crust, atmosphere.
- 95Which layer of the earth is the thickest and which is the thinnest?The crust is the thinnest, the mantle is the thickest.
- 96What is the inner core made of and why is it a solid?It is made of primarily nickel and iron, and it is solid because it is under so much pressure.
- 97What are tectonic plates and how do they move over earth's surface?Tectonic plates are sections of the crust that have broken apart, and forces created by convection currents in the mantle allow them to move over earth's surface.
- 98What causes an earthquake to occur?Tectonic plates meeting with great force and suddenly slipping past each other.
- 99What evidence is there (besides shape) to support the theory that the eastern coastline of South America and the west coastline of Africa were once joined together?Similar fossils found on both continents, the rocks on both have the same sequence of layers.
- 100What was the main gas in the early earth's atmosphere?Carbon dioxide.
- 101What is the name of the experiment that proved it was possible to make the molecules of life from gases found in the early earth's atmosphere?The Miller-Urey experiment.
- 102Where is most of the carbon that was in the early atmosphere now stored on earth?It is "locked up" in fossil fuels and dissolved in the oceans.
- 103Name the four main gases found in today's atmosphere and their approximate percentages.Nitrogen: 78%, Oxygen: 20%, Carbon dioxide: 0.04%, Argon: 0.9%.
The rest is made of traces of other gases. - 104Name the three main processes that release carbon dioxide into the atmosphere and the one main process that removes carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.Combustion, decay and respiration release carbon dioxide, photosynthesis removes carbon dioxide.
- 105What has happened to the levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere in the last 100 years and why?The amount of carbon dioxide has increased because of more burning of fossil fuels.
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- A full revision of each topic in C1 for AQA GCSE: Fundamental ideas, Rocks and building materials, Metals and their uses, Crude oil and fuels, Products from oil, Plant oils and Our changing planet.
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- Izzy T
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