Fichas
Anaesthesia
Fichas del conjunto (46)
- 1What are the three most common problems with equine anaesthesia?hypoventilation, hypoxia and hypotension
- 2what may cause a horse to hypoventilate on anaesthesia?sedative,
IV and volatile anaesthetics, opioids, muscle relaxants and
positioning. - 3how can the horses CO2 be assessed?Arterial blood gas analysis and capnography
- 4what does sever hyper capneia cause?acidosis, narcosis, increased risk of arrthymias and hypoxaemia
- 5why is mild hyper capnea benifitial?myocardial contractility and improves tissue blood flow
- 6what is good hyper capnea?upto 70mmhg
- 7How should hyper capneia be treated?IPPV and reducing anaesthetic depth. IPPV should be done at 6-8 bpm and 20-30cmH2O pressure.
- 8Why is IPPV dangerous in hoses?it increases the anesthetic and cardiovascular effects, it can disturb the blood base balance and damage alveoli
- 9What are the two ways to measure hypoxia in a horse and how do they differ?PaO2 and spO2. PaO2 is the partial pressure of O2 in the blood whilst spO2 is the saturation of the haemoglobin.
- 10How is spO2 and PaO2 measured?spO2 is measured by pulse
oximeter whilst PaO2 is done by arterial blood gas analysis. - 11what are the values where they are considered hypoxic?90% spO2 and 60mmHg PaO2
- 12what are the causes of hypoxia?VQ mismatch, hypoventilation,
low inspired O2, shunts and diffusion abnormalities - 13what are the two most likely causes o hypopoxia in a horse during anaestetic?VQ mismach and hypoventilaion
- 14Why arent the whole of the lungs per-fused during anesthetic?gravity, low contractility/
spO2 and PaO2 heart rate and vasodilation. The body would usually respond by
undergoing hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction, although this is stopped by inhalants. - 15how should VQ miss-mach be treated?IPPV, positioning, NO2
administration which acts as an alveolar splint, air and O2 mix so it isn’t absorbed. IPPV deals with the oxygenation, to deal
with the perfusion drugs are required, Beta agonists
(salbutamol) by inhalation (often doesn’t work)is the choice. - 16what is PEEPIPPV method which also known as the recruitment
manoeuvre or open lung concept. It works by ventilating the lungs to 60-80cmH2O and leaving it there for 12 seconds done
8 times, followed by 10 PEEP at 20cmH2O. - 17what does hypoxia cause?myopathies, cause problems in the CCN and cause spinal cord malacia, and myocardial or cerebral disfunction.
- 18what is hypotension?low blood pressure its when the mean atrial pressure is <60-70mmHg
- 19How is man atrial pressure calculated?Hr X SV X TPR
- 20what are e side effects of anticholinergics?pupillary
dilation, GI ileus and tachycardia. - 21when should anticholinegics be used in an anesthetic?ABP <60 and the HR is
<20-25bpm - 22what are the two anticholenergics available for use?Glycopyrrolate and atropine
- 23what is stroke volume directly effaced by?preload, contractility and afterload
- 24what causes a reduction in pre load?dehydration, haemorrhage, positioning (supine hypotension) and with IPPV (pushes on VC).
- 25what decreases contractility?arthymias, volatile agents and acidaemia
- 26what causes a decrease to the after load?vasoconstriction, increased resistance from the heart and weak cardia compressions.
- 27what drugs increase the after load?adrenalin, alpha agonists, dopamine and phenylephrine.
- 28what is the worry if after load is increased too much?The CO will decrease
- 29how should hypotnsion be treated?checking the depth, providing IVFT (crystalloids, colloids) and possible use of the
following drugs; inotropes (dobutamine, ephedrine and dopamine) and vasopressors (phenylepenephrine). - 30what factors may make the horses recovery more dangerous?long procedures,
True emergencies include: long procedures, the type of anesthetic, poor recovery box, full bladder, noise, pain, temperament and pre existing problems such as laminitis - 31what are the desired factors of an equine recovery room?quiet, has controlled lighting, padded, no corners, cleanable, wide doors, an observation
spot, o2 supplimentation, close to the operation room, has a scavenging system, winches and escape route for staff. - 32What may be complications of recovery?myopathy, neuropathy
(peripheral and central), airway obstructions, trauma (orphorpaedic and soft tissue) colic and catheter problems. - 33how man anesthetic deaths is myopathy responsible for?7%
- 34how does compartmental syndrome occur?tissue has more pressure than the bloods hydrostatic pressure, therefore blood vessels get occluded, and the muscle starts to die off.
- 35what are the signs of myopathy?swollen, painful, hot, reduced function, myoglobinuria.
- 36what horses are at risk of myopathies?fit racehorses, heavy horses, hypotension, hypoxaemia, repeated anesthetic and on their backs. The treatment of po
- 37how are post anesthetic myopathies teated?nursing care, support (i.e. slings), analgesia (combinations of opioids, NSAIDs and alpha 2’s), fluid therapy, sedation and free radical scavenging.
- 38How are peripheral neuropathies caused?compression or stretching of nerve fibers, often from poor
positioning. - 39How should peripheral neuropathies be treated?Support the animal they often recover by themselves
- 40what central neuropathies may occur in the horse post anaesthetic?spinal cord malacia,
cerebrocortical necrosis and blindness - 41what are the re disposing factors to central myopathies in the horse post anesthetic?rapidly growing and dorsal recumbency
- 42what factors may increase the likely hood of nasal oedema?positioning of the head (dorsal recumbency), fluid
therapy and duration of anesthesia. - 43how may the horses larynx be damaged on anesthetic?stretching/ischaemia if the intubation was traumatic or too big, or if the animal had preexisting laryngeal hemiplegia.
- 44How should laryngeal problems be treated in the horse?wait and see, if they go down re intubate, cpcr and frusemide and steroids for the pulmonary oedema.
- 45what can be done to increase he chances of a smooth recovery?sedative, ACP would be the first choice, the animal needs adequate analgesia, empty the bladders, pack the ears, dim lighting, make sure quiet, cover the eye and maintain an airway.
- 46how long should recovery take in a hose?Its extremely variable but suggested 30 mins for every hour.
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- Bvms Equine Fichas sobre Anaesthesia, creado por buzzybea1 el 01/03/2014.
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- buzzybea1
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