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Blueprint of Life - Focus Area 1 (summarised, does not cover everything)
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- 1BIOLOGY: BLUEPRINT OF LIFE: FOCUS 1 > outline the impact on the evolution of plants and animals of changes: in physical conditions in the environment, in chemical conditions in the environment and competition for resources.:D
- 2What is evolution?Evolution is the change in a population over time.
- 3What is the mechanism for evolution?Natural selection
- 4In a population, individuals are characterised by _______ _________.Inherited traits
- 5What happens in a changing environment?The species experiences the change in an environment which can be physical or chemical; in such a situation, certain traits have an advantage: these survive, breed and pass on these inherited traits to their offspring and over time, this trait becomes common = population evolves.
- 6List three reasons for evolution:- Change in the physical conditions of environment
- Change in chemical conditions of environment
- Competition for resources - 7Provide examples of physical changes in the environment.- Change in wind, slope, water availability, temperature, availability of light, tides, rainfall.
- 8Provide examples of chemical changes in the environment.- presence or absence of gases in the environment = oxygen, CO2, pH, concentration of salt etc
- 9Provide examples of competition for resources.- In plants: competition for light, water, soil nutrients.
- In animals: compete for breeding territory, food, water, shelter, mates. - 10Describe the nature of adaptions in environmental changes and evolution.- Individuals do not develop adaptions in response to environmental change.
- They already possess the inherited random variation = advantage under new conditions. - 11What is an adaption?Adaptation: enables organism to cope better with the selective pressure conferred by a changed environment and out compete those organisms that do not possess it.
- 12Provide a case example of evolution caused in an animal by a physical change in the environment.- Plate tectonics: Australia has been moving north for 25 million years, therefore = hotter, drier, increased woodland + grassland.
- Effect on kangaroo species: The ancient kangaroo was small with generalised molars.
- Evolution of kangaroos: large with specialised high crested molars for eating grass.
- Fewer but longer toes for hopping instead of galloping (faster escape from predators) - 13Provide an example of evolution occurring in an insect caused by a physical change in the environment.- Peppered Moth in England
- Industrialised time in 19th century = pollution
- pepper moth with dark colours = survive longer because they can camouflage in dark, sooty environment
- Gene for darker colour passed on = common
- Lighter coloured months: eaten by birds.
- However, once population decreased, light coloured moths predominated. - 14Provide a case example of a plant evolving due to a physical change in the environment.-Bushfires in Australia due to lightning strikes
- Only plants adapted to fire can survive, i.e. eucalyptus. - 15Provide examples of chemical change cases in plants causing evolution:- Soil ph change = significant effect on plant life.
- Mining = evolution of plant types which are tolerant to heavy mineral wastes.
- Increase in soil salinity = more soil tolerant plants.
- Erosion and leeching caused by change in composition of soil due to high temperatures in Australia = eucalyptus survives. - 16Provide an example of a case in which chemical change caused evolution in an insect.- Insecticide DDT killed mosquitos.
- However, some survived as they had a DDT resistant gene --> passed onto offspring = common
- Now, DDT has to be used in high concentrations to kill mosquitos. - 17Describe how chemical changes can cause resistant organisms in antibiotics.- Herbicides, insecticides and antibiotics lead to the evolution of resistant organisms.
= staphylococcus bacteria = resistant to penicillin. - 18Competition for resources can occur between ______ or _______ species.Competition for resources can occur between SAME or DIFFERENT species.
- 19Provide an example of competition for resources causing evolution.- In Australia, introduction of non-native species such as fox, rabbit, feral cats, cane toads lead to the extinction of native species such as the burrowing bettong.
- 20Describe how giraffes evolved due to competition for resources.- Ancestral giraffes had to compete for higher leaves on trees as the environment changes
- Longer neck = advantageous
- Passed on 'long neck' gene = lead to the long necked species of giraffes. - 21Describe the case study: Evolution of kangaroos- Small kangaroos (size of rabbits) in Central Australia, 25 million years ago.
- Environment then: cool, moderate rainfall, freshwater lakes, rivers, heavily forested.
- Middle of the Miocene (10-12million years ago), Australia moved north = heated up = drier.
- Forests = eucalyptus + grassland.
- Kangaroos increased = evolved into larger kangaroos.
- Fewer but longer toes for hopping instead of galloping to escape predators.
- Specialised high crested Molars adapted to grazing. - 22What are the different types of evidence for evolution.- Palaeontology
- Comparative anatomy
- Comparative embryology
- Biochemical similarities
- Biogeography - 23—
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- Higher School Certificate Biology Fichas sobre Blueprint of Life - Focus Area 1 (summarised, does not cover everything), creado por Blessy V el 17/10/2016.
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