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Bioenergetics
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- 1PhotosynthesisPhotosynthesis is an endothermic reaction in which light transfers energy from the environment to chloroplasts of cells.
Plants and algal cells photosynthesise to make food.
Photosynthesis happens in the chloroplasts of cells.
It requires chlorophyll pigment and is controlled by enzymes. - 2Equation for photosynthesisLight
Carbon dioxide+water --> Glucose+ oxygen
Chlorophyll - 3Factors affecting photosynthesisFactors that affect photosynthesis are light intensity, carbon dioxide concentration, temperature and the amount of chlorophyll.
If one of these factors is not in a sufficient amount it will become a limiting factor so that photosynthesis levels off at a constant rate - 4Light intensityAs light intensity increases the rate of photosynthesis increases until it levels off. This happens because light energy is needed for photosynthesis. It levels off because there is another limiting factor such as carbon dioxide or temperature
- 5TemperatureAs temperature increases the rate of photosynthesis increases because the particles have more kinetic energy to collide and react. The rate of photosynthesis decreases because the enzymes have denatured
- 6Uses of GlucoseGlucose is converted into starch, starch is insoluble and compact therefore ideal for storage.
It is used to produce cellulose which forms cell walls giving it additional strength.
It is used in respiration to release energy.
Glucose is used to produce fats or lipids for storage, and to produce amino acids for making proteins. Nitrate ions from the soil are also needed for making proteins. - 7Aerobic respirationAerobic respiration is an exothermic reaction which happens continuously in the mitochondria. It transfers/releases energy and requires oxygen. It is controlled by enzymes.
Glucose + oxygen --> Carbon dioxide + water + energy - 8Anaerobic respirationAerobic respiration occurs when oxygen is low. It transfers less energy because of the incomplete oxidation of glucose. It usually occurs in muscle cells during intense exercise.
Glucose --> Lactic acid (animal cells) - 9Anaerobic respiration in plant and yeast cellsGlucose --> Ethanol +Carbon dioxide
In yeast cells anaerobic respiration is called fermentation and is used in the process of making bread and alcoholic drinks. - 10ExerciseDuring exercise the body reacts and the following occur; an increase in heart rate, an increase in breathing rate and an increase in breath volume. Together these ensure that more oxygenated blood is delivered to muscle cells for aerobic respiration to meet the increased demand for energy.
- 11Anaerobic respiration in exerciseDuring exercise if insufficient oxygen reaches the muscles anaerobic respiration occurs
The incomplete oxidation of glucose contains lactic acid
Lactic acid build up leads to muscle fatigue and creates oxygen debt
During exercise blood flowing through muscle transports lactic acid to the liver where it is converted back into glucose
After exercise the remainder of the lactic acid in muscle cells reacts with incoming oxygen to remove it. The oxygen debt is repaid. - 12MetabolismMetabolism is the sum of all the reactions in a cell or the body. They often require energy from respiration and are controlled by enzymes.
There are two types: catabolic and anabolic - 13Respiration reactionwhere energy is released from glucose
- 14Synthesis reactions to form proteinsusing glucose and nitrate ions to form amino acids which are then joined together to form protein
- 15Photosynthesis reactionswhere glucose is produced in the chloroplasts of plant and algae cells
- 16Breakdown reactions to form ureabreaking down excess proteins and amino acids and then into urea for excretion from the body via the kidney
- 17Synthesis reactions to form lipidsjoining a glycerol molecule with three fatty acid molecules to form a lipid. Lipids form cell membranes and are an energy store
- 18Synthesis reactions to form carbohydratesconverting glucose for storage in animals. converting glucose into starch in plants or cellulose for cell walls in plants
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- Year 10 Biology Fichas sobre Bioenergetics, creado por Laila Charlton el 22/01/2017.
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- Laila Charlton
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