Fichas
chapter 8
Fichas del conjunto (56)
- 1empiricismall knowledge originates in experience (188)
- 2classical conditioninga form of learning introduced by Ivan Pavlov
- 3unconditioned stimulusa normal stimulus that causes an unlearned, normal response
- 4unconditioned responsea natural, unlearned response
- 5conditioned stimulusthe new stimulus
- 6conditioned responsethe new learned response
- 7behaviorismthe study of overt rather than covert behavior (189)
- 8law of effectwhen a behavior of performance is accompanied by satisfaction, it tends to happen again (189)
- 9habitsome kind of learned association between a stimulus and a response that makes them occur together frequently (190)
- 10drive reductionthe primary dynamic underlying personality development and the acquisition of habits (190)
- 11drivea strong stimulation that produces discomfort, such as hunger (190)
- 12primary drivesthose associated with psychological processes that are necessary for an organism's survival (191)
- 13secondary driveslearned on the basis of primary one (191)
- 14reinforcerany event that increases the likelihood of particular response (191)
- 15primary reinforcerthose that reduce primary drives such as food, water, or need for sleep (191)
- 16secondary reinforceroriginally neural, but they acquire reward value when they are associated with primary reinforcers; ex: money (191)
- 17reflexautomatic responses to specific stimuli; ex: blinking (191)
- 18hierarchy of responsea tendency for certain responses to occur before others (191)
- 19cuea specific stimulus that tells the organism when, where and how to respond (191)
- 20responseone's reaction to the cue (191)
- 21reinforcementthe effect of the response (191)
- 22extinctionwhen a response is not reinforced by satisfying a drive (191)
- 23learning dilemmaif present responses are not reinforcing (191)
- 24frustrationwhen one is unable to reduce a drive because the response that would satisfy it has been blocked (192)
- 25conflictif the frustration arises from a situation in which incompatible responses are occurring at the same time (192)
- 26infrahuman speciessimple laboratory animals in controlled conditions (192)
- 27double approach-avoidance conflictin which an individual must deal simultaneously with multiple goals that both attract and repel
- 28approach-approach conflictthe individual is simultaneously attracted to two goals that have positive value but are incompatible (193)
- 29avoidance-avoidance conflicta person faces two undesirable alternatives (193)
- 30approach-avoidance conflictone goal both attracts and repels the individual (193)
- 31unconscious processesunconscious forces underlying human human behavior
- 32reciprocal inhibitionthe introduction of a competitive response that will interfere with the original maladaptive response (196)
- 33systematic desensitizationa patient is conditioned to stop responding to a stimulus in an undesired manner and to substitute a new response (196)
- 34species-specific behaviorbehaviors that occur in all members of a species
- 35reinforcementanything that increases the likelihood of a response (198)
- 36operant behaviorsresponses emitted without a stimulus necessarily being present (199)
- 37operant conditioningconsequences determine whether or not the responses will be repeated (199)
- 38shapingshaping or molding the organism's behavior in order to achieve the desired behavior (200)
- 39discriminationthe ability to tell the difference between stimuli that are and are not reinforced (200)
- 40generalizedthe application of a response learned in one situation to a different but similar situation (200)
- 41continuous reinforcementthe desired behavior is reinforced each time that it occurs (200)
- 42interval reinforcementthe organism is reinforced after a certain time period has elapsed regardless of the response rate (200)
- 43fixthe same time period elapses each time (201)
- 44variablethe time periods differ in lengths (201)
- 45ratio reinforcementthe rate of reinforcement is determined by the number of appropriate responses that the organism emits (202)
- 46generalized conditioned reinforcerspraise and affection which are learned and have the power to reinforce a great number of different behaviors (202)
- 47positive reinforcementwhen a behavior is followed by a situation that increases the likelihood of that behavior occurring in the future (202)
- 48negative reinforcementwhen a behavior is followed by the termination of an unpleasant situation increasing the likelihood of that behavior in similar situations (202)
- 49punishmentwhen a behavior is followed by an unpleasant situation designed to eliminate it (202)
- 50satiationpermitting the behavior to occur until the individual tires of it (202)
- 51behavior modificationseeks to eliminate undesired behaviors by changing the environment within which they occur (203)
- 52teaching machinea device whereby students may be taught without the need for an ever-present human instructor (203)
- 53token economytokens of some kind that can be exchanged for special privileges are used to reinforce appropriate behaviors (204)
- 54Walden IIa behaviorally engineered society designed by a benevolent psychologist who employed a program of positive reinforcements (204)
- 55psychological behaviorisma detailed theory of personality that translates personality concepts into behavioral language (206)
- 56time-outavoids aversive punishment to eliminate undesired behavior by simply removing the individual from the situation in which the undesired behavior is occurring (206)
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- Fichas sobre chapter 8, creado por Mariana Amaya el 25/02/2017.
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- Mariana Amaya
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